Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus type II?

Choice A reason: Fluid excess causes weight gain due to increased water retention in tissues and vascular spaces. This is common in conditions like heart failure or renal dysfunction, where fluid accumulates, increasing body mass, making this a correct manifestation.

Choice B reason: Edema, swelling from fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces, is a hallmark of fluid excess. It occurs when hydrostatic or oncotic pressures are imbalanced, as in heart or kidney failure, making this a correct manifestation.

Choice C reason: Fluid excess typically increases blood pressure due to expanded blood volume, as seen in heart failure. Decreased blood pressure is not a direct result of fluid overload, making this choice incorrect for fluid excess.

Choice D reason: Crackles in the lungs occur in fluid excess, as fluid leaks into alveoli (pulmonary edema) due to increased hydrostatic pressure, often in heart failure. This impairs gas exchange, making this a correct manifestation.

Choice E reason: Jugular vein distension results from fluid excess increasing venous pressure, often in right heart failure. Expanded blood volume distends neck veins, a visible sign of fluid overload, making this a correct manifestation.

Choice A reason: Overinflated alveoli and air trapping occur in emphysema or COPD, not atelectasis. Atelectasis involves alveolar collapse, reducing lung volume and gas exchange, not overinflation, making this choice incorrect for the pathophysiology of atelectasis.

Choice B reason: Atelectasis is the collapse of alveoli, often due to obstruction, compression, or surfactant deficiency, impairing ventilation and perfusion. This reduces gas exchange, causing hypoxia, and matches the pathophysiological process, making this the correct choice for atelectasis.

Choice C reason: Inflammation of the bronchi (bronchitis) involves airway inflammation, not alveolar collapse. Atelectasis results from physical collapse of alveoli, not primarily inflammatory processes, making this choice incorrect for atelectasis’s pathophysiology.

Choice D reason: Inflammatory congestion in alveoli describes pneumonia or pulmonary edema, not atelectasis. Atelectasis involves alveolar collapse, reducing ventilation without primary inflammation or fluid accumulation, making this choice incorrect for the described process.