Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus type II?
A high level of adipokines stimulating increased glucose uptake.
Insufficient insulin receptors resulting in hyperglycemia.
Increased secretion of insulin from the pancreas.
Autoimmune disorder with 90% destruction of beta cells.
The Correct Answer is B
Choice A reason: High adipokine levels, as in obesity, promote insulin resistance by interfering with insulin signaling, not increasing glucose uptake. This reduces glucose uptake, contributing to hyperglycemia, but the description is inaccurate, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance due to insufficient or dysfunctional insulin receptors, reducing glucose uptake in cells, leading to hyperglycemia. This is a primary pathophysiological mechanism, often linked to obesity, making this the correct choice.
Choice C reason: Increased insulin secretion occurs early in type 2 diabetes to compensate for insulin resistance, but the primary issue is receptor dysfunction, not increased secretion. Over time, beta cells may fail, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells describes type 1 diabetes, not type 2. Type 2 involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, not massive beta cell loss, making this choice incorrect for type 2 diabetes.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Graves’ disease, a form of hyperthyroidism, does not typically cause decreased calcium. It may lead to hypercalcemia due to increased bone resorption from elevated thyroid hormone levels, which enhance osteoclast activity, making decreased calcium an incorrect laboratory finding for this condition.
Choice B reason: Graves’ disease is characterized by increased thyroid hormone production, including elevated T4 due to autoimmune stimulation of the thyroid. Decreased T4 is associated with hypothyroidism, not hyperthyroidism, making this choice incorrect as it contradicts the pathophysiology of Graves’ disease.
Choice C reason: Increased TSH is seen in primary hypothyroidism, where the thyroid is underactive. In Graves’ disease, TSH is typically decreased due to negative feedback from elevated thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), making this choice incorrect for the expected laboratory profile.
Choice D reason: Graves’ disease causes hyperthyroidism, with increased production of thyroid hormones, including T3, due to autoantibodies stimulating TSH receptors. Elevated T3 levels drive metabolic symptoms like weight loss and tachycardia, making this the correct laboratory finding for Graves’ disease.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Genetic mutations causing insulin resistance describe type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency, not resistance, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: Excessive carbohydrate intake does not cause type 1 diabetes, which is autoimmune. It may exacerbate hyperglycemia in diabetes but is not the primary cause, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C reason: Pancreatic damage from alcohol can cause pancreatitis, not type 1 diabetes. Type 1 is autoimmune, destroying insulin-producing beta cells, unrelated to alcohol-induced damage, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. Autoantibodies target beta cells, causing hyperglycemia, making this the correct pathophysiological cause.
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