What situation(s) may cause an intrarenal acute kidney injury (AKI)? (Select all that apply)

Pyelonephritis

Nephrotoxins

Bladder tumor

Dehydration

Ureteral obstruction

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : A,B

Choice A reason: Pyelonephritis, a bacterial kidney infection, causes intrarenal AKI by directly damaging renal parenchyma through inflammation and tubular injury. The infection disrupts nephron function, reducing filtration and leading to acute kidney injury, making this a correct cause of intrarenal damage.

Choice B reason: Nephrotoxins, such as certain drugs or chemicals, cause intrarenal AKI by directly injuring tubular epithelial cells. This disrupts renal filtration and reabsorption, leading to acute kidney injury through toxic cellular damage, making this a correct cause of intrarenal AKI.

Choice C reason: A bladder tumor causes postrenal AKI by obstructing urine outflow, leading to backpressure on the kidneys. It does not directly damage renal parenchyma, as intrarenal AKI requires, making this choice incorrect for intrarenal causes of kidney injury.

Choice D reason: Dehydration causes prerenal AKI by reducing blood volume and renal perfusion, not directly damaging the renal parenchyma. Intrarenal AKI involves intrinsic kidney damage, so dehydration’s hypoperfusion effect makes this choice incorrect for intrarenal AKI.

Choice E reason: Ureteral obstruction causes postrenal AKI by blocking urine flow, increasing pressure on the kidneys. It does not involve direct parenchymal damage, as required for intrarenal AKI, making this choice incorrect for the specified type of kidney injury.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Overinflated alveoli and air trapping occur in emphysema or COPD, not atelectasis. Atelectasis involves alveolar collapse, reducing lung volume and gas exchange, not overinflation, making this choice incorrect for the pathophysiology of atelectasis.

Choice B reason: Atelectasis is the collapse of alveoli, often due to obstruction, compression, or surfactant deficiency, impairing ventilation and perfusion. This reduces gas exchange, causing hypoxia, and matches the pathophysiological process, making this the correct choice for atelectasis.

Choice C reason: Inflammation of the bronchi (bronchitis) involves airway inflammation, not alveolar collapse. Atelectasis results from physical collapse of alveoli, not primarily inflammatory processes, making this choice incorrect for atelectasis’s pathophysiology.

Choice D reason: Inflammatory congestion in alveoli describes pneumonia or pulmonary edema, not atelectasis. Atelectasis involves alveolar collapse, reducing ventilation without primary inflammation or fluid accumulation, making this choice incorrect for the described process.

A. The number of erythrocytes circulating in the body B. The body’s ability to produce insulin over 3-4 weeks C. The effectiveness of a dose of diabetes medication D. The average blood glucose levels over 2-3 months

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test does not measure erythrocyte count. It reflects glucose binding to hemoglobin, indicating average blood glucose over months, not red cell quantity, making this choice incorrect.

Choice B reason: HbA1c does not measure insulin production but reflects glucose levels bound to hemoglobin over 2-3 months. Insulin production is assessed by other tests, like C-peptide, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: HbA1c does not directly measure diabetes medication effectiveness but provides a long-term glucose control average. Medication efficacy is inferred indirectly, making this choice incorrect for the test’s primary purpose.

Choice D reason: The HbA1c test measures average blood glucose over 2-3 months by assessing glucose bound to hemoglobin in red cells, reflecting long-term glycemic control, making this the correct choice.

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What situation(s) may cause an intrarenal acute kidney injury (AKI)? (Select all that apply)

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

What does the glycosylated hemoglobin test measure?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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