What manifestation of acute inflammation is caused by vasodilation?

Choice A reason: Unilateral leg swelling suggests deep vein thrombosis, a precursor to pulmonary embolism, not a direct manifestation. Pulmonary embolism affects the lungs, causing respiratory symptoms, making this choice incorrect.

Choice B reason: Sudden facial numbness is associated with stroke, not pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism causes pulmonary and systemic symptoms like chest pain, not neurological deficits, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: Blood in the urine (hematuria) is unrelated to pulmonary embolism, which affects pulmonary arteries. It may occur in renal conditions, not pulmonary vascular obstruction, making this choice incorrect.

Choice D reason: Chest pain is a hallmark of pulmonary embolism, caused by pleural irritation or ischemia from blocked pulmonary arteries. It is often sharp and worsens with breathing, making this the correct choice.

Choice A reason: Abnormal tau proteins contribute to Alzheimer’s, forming neurofibrillary tangles, but damage is not limited to the frontal lobe. The hippocampus and other regions are primarily affected, leading to memory loss. This choice is too specific and incomplete, making it incorrect.

Choice B reason: Damaged blood vessels interrupting brain blood flow describe vascular dementia, not Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s involves neuronal degeneration from protein accumulation, not primarily vascular pathology, although vascular factors may contribute, making this choice incorrect for Alzheimer’s pathophysiology.

Choice C reason: Repeated traumatic brain injuries cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy, not Alzheimer’s. While trauma may increase Alzheimer’s risk, the primary pathology involves amyloid and tau proteins, not trauma-induced encephalopathy, making this choice incorrect for the disease’s core pathophysiology.

Choice D reason: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles, which disrupt neuronal function, particularly in the hippocampus, leading to memory impairment. These protein aggregates cause synaptic loss and neurodegeneration, accurately describing the disease’s pathophysiology, making this the correct choice.