What is a manifestation of hypoparathyroidism?

Choice A reason: Hypoparathyroidism causes hypocalcemia due to low parathyroid hormone, reducing bone resorption and calcium absorption. Hypercalcemia requires increased calcium mobilization, which hypoparathyroidism prevents, making this choice incorrect for a person at risk of hypercalcemia.

Choice B reason: Chronic renal failure typically causes hypocalcemia due to impaired vitamin D activation and phosphate retention, binding calcium. Hypercalcemia is rare unless overtreated with calcium supplements, making this choice incorrect for typical renal failure scenarios.

Choice C reason: Low plasma albumin reduces bound calcium, lowering total serum calcium, not causing hypercalcemia. Free calcium may remain normal, but total calcium decreases, making this choice incorrect for a person at risk of hypercalcemia.

Choice D reason: Bedbound, immobile individuals are at risk for hypercalcemia due to increased bone resorption from lack of weight-bearing activity. Osteoclasts break down bone, releasing calcium into the blood, causing hypercalcemia, making this the correct choice.

Choice A reason: Compression stockings promote venous return, preventing blood stasis and deep vein thrombosis, a common immobility complication. They support circulation in immobile limbs, making this a correct preventive action.

Choice B reason: Adequate hydration prevents dehydration, maintaining blood fluidity and reducing clot risk. It also supports urinary and bowel function, preventing complications like constipation, making this a correct action for immobility.

Choice C reason: Avoiding high-fiber foods increases constipation risk, a complication of immobility. High-fiber diets promote bowel motility, so this choice is incorrect as it worsens, not prevents, immobility complications.

Choice D reason: Weight-bearing exercise maintains muscle and bone strength, preventing atrophy and osteoporosis in immobility. It also improves circulation, reducing clot risk, making this a correct preventive action.

Choice E reason: Deep breathing exercises prevent atelectasis and pneumonia by promoting lung expansion and mucus clearance in immobile individuals, improving oxygenation and reducing infection risk, making this a correct action.