When the nurse administers a drug that stimulates the nicotinic receptors, what manifestation would indicate that the drug is working?

Pupil constriction

Muscle contraction

Increase GI motility

Decrease in heart rate

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is B

A) Pupil constriction: Pupil constriction (miosis) is primarily mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system through muscarinic receptors, not nicotinic receptors. Nicotinic receptors, when stimulated, affect skeletal muscle contraction, not the size of the pupils.

B) Muscle contraction: Nicotinic receptors are located on skeletal muscle cells and are responsible for mediating muscle contraction when activated. When a drug stimulates nicotinic receptors, the expected outcome is muscle contraction, as these receptors play a critical role in neuromuscular transmission.

C) Increase GI motility: While nicotinic receptors are involved in muscle contraction, they are not the primary mediators of gastrointestinal motility. Muscarinic receptors, which are part of the parasympathetic nervous system, primarily control GI motility. Stimulating muscarinic receptors would lead to increased motility, but not nicotinic receptors.

D) Decrease in heart rate: A decrease in heart rate is typically associated with the stimulation of muscarinic receptors, particularly those that influence the parasympathetic nervous system (vagal tone). Nicotinic receptor activation does not directly influence heart rate; in fact, their stimulation is more related to skeletal muscle contraction.

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Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A) Monoamine oxidase:
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an enzyme, not a neurotransmitter. It is responsible for breaking down certain neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, in the brain and other parts of the body. While it plays a crucial role in regulating neurotransmitter levels, it is not itself a neurotransmitter.

B) Cholinesterase:
Cholinesterase is also an enzyme, not a neurotransmitter. It breaks down acetylcholine (ACh) at synaptic junctions to terminate its action after it has transmitted a nerve impulse. This enzyme is important for the proper functioning of cholinergic synapses but does not function as a neurotransmitter.

C) Acetylcholine (ACh):
Acetylcholine (ACh) is a neurotransmitter. It is released by nerve cells at cholinergic synapses and plays a key role in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. ACh is involved in transmitting nerve impulses to muscles (muscle contraction) and is also important in cognitive functions like memory and learning in the brain.

D) Calcium:
Calcium is a vital ion involved in many cellular processes, including muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release. However, it is not a neurotransmitter. It plays a role in the function of neurotransmitters but does not act as one itself.

A. CSF proteins and an angiography B. Serum anti-acetylcholine antibodies and x-rays C. Serum albumin and a computed tomography (CT) scan D. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

A) CSF proteins and an angiography: While cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a valuable diagnostic tool in multiple sclerosis (MS), angiography is not typically used in diagnosing MS. Angiography is primarily used to assess blood vessels and would not help in diagnosing a neurological condition like MS, which involves the central nervous system's myelin sheath.
B) Serum anti-acetylcholine antibodies and x-rays: Anti-acetylcholine antibodies are more relevant for diagnosing autoimmune conditions such as myasthenia gravis, not multiple sclerosis. Additionally, x-rays are not useful for diagnosing MS, as MS is primarily a disorder of the central nervous system, and x-rays are not effective in visualizing soft tissues or brain lesions associated with MS.
C) Serum albumin and a computed tomography (CT) scan: Serum albumin levels are not relevant for diagnosing MS. A CT scan may be used in some cases to rule out other conditions, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more sensitive and specific for diagnosing MS. MRI is particularly effective in detecting the plaques or lesions in the brain and spinal cord that are characteristic of MS.
D) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This is the correct combination of diagnostic tests for multiple sclerosis. CSF analysis can show elevated levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and oligoclonal bands, which are common in MS. MRI is the most sensitive imaging tool for detecting the characteristic plaques or demyelinated areas in the brain and spinal cord, which are hallmarks of MS. Therefore, this combination is the gold standard for confirming the diagnosis of MS.

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When the nurse administers a drug that stimulates the nicotinic receptors, what manifestation would indicate that the drug is working?

Nursing Test Bank

Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which of these is a neurotransmitter?

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

A patient has symptoms that are characteristic of multiple sclerosis (MS). Which diagnostic tests are likely to be ordered to aid in the diagnosis of this patient?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

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