Which areas should the nurse teach a dark-skinned client to inspect regularly for skin cancer like melanoma?

This is because the nurse should first ensure that help is on the way before performing any other actions on an unconscious and unresponsive client. Calling for assistance may also alert someone who can bring an automated external defibrillator (AED) if needed.

Choice B is wrong because giving 2 rescue breaths is part of CPR, which should only be done after checking for a pulse and finding none or a weak one.

Giving rescue breaths to a client who has a pulse may cause harm.

Choice C is wrong because checking for apical pulse is not the most reliable way to assess circulation in an emergency situation. The nurse should check for a carotid pulse instead, which is easier to locate and more indicative of blood flow to the brain.

Choice D is wrong because beginning chest compressions is also part of CPR, which should only be done after calling for assistance and checking for a pulse and finding none or a weak one.

Chest compressions may cause harm to a client who has a pulse.

Choice A is wrong because women are more at risk for hip fractures than men.

This is partly because women lose bone density faster than men do, especially after menopause.

Choice C is wrong because an increase in estrogen will not weaken the bones. In fact, estrogen helps protect the bones from osteoporosis, which is a leading cause of hip fracture.

Some other risk factors for hip fracture include:

• Excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption
• Lack of physical activity
• Low body weight
• Tall stature
• Vision problems
• Dementia
• Medications that cause bone loss
• Cigarette smoking
• Institutional living, such as an assisted-care facility
• Increased risk for falls, related to conditions such as weakness, disability, or unsteady gait

Normal ranges for bone density vary by age and sex, but generally, a T-score of -1.0 or above is considered normal, while a T-score of -2.5 or below is considered osteoporotic. A T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 is considered osteopenic, which means low bone mass.