A person fell from a high area and landed on their feet, resulting in a spinal cord injury. Which type of spinal cord injury did the person sustain?

Choice A reason: Hypertrophy is the increase in cell size due to increased workload, as seen in heart failure where cardiac myocytes enlarge to compensate for increased demand. This adaptation enhances pumping capacity initially but may lead to dysfunction, making this the correct choice for cardiac enlargement.

Choice B reason: Dysplasia involves abnormal cell growth and differentiation, often precancerous, typically in epithelial tissues. It is not a response to increased workload in the heart, which requires cell enlargement, not abnormal development, making this choice incorrect for heart failure adaptation.

Choice C reason: Neoplasia refers to uncontrolled cell growth forming tumors, benign or malignant, and is not a response to heart failure. Cardiac enlargement in heart failure results from adaptive hypertrophy, not tumor formation, making this choice incorrect for the described cellular adaptation.

Choice D reason: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one cell type with another, often due to chronic irritation (e.g., in smokers’ lungs). It does not occur in cardiac muscle under heart failure stress, which involves cell size increase, making this choice incorrect.

Choice A reason: Air trapping in COPD, due to alveolar destruction and loss of elasticity, causes lung overinflation, increasing the anteroposterior chest diameter, resulting in a barrel chest. This is a direct consequence, making this the correct choice.

Choice B reason: Cyanosis occurs in COPD from hypoxia due to impaired gas exchange, not directly from air trapping. While common in advanced disease, it is not the primary manifestation of overinflation, making this incorrect.

Choice C reason: Clubbed fingers result from chronic hypoxia in COPD, not directly from air trapping. They develop over time due to tissue remodeling, not lung overinflation, making this choice incorrect.

Choice D reason: Lack of appetite is a systemic symptom in advanced COPD due to energy expenditure or hypoxia, not a direct result of air trapping or lung overinflation, making this choice incorrect.