Which factor is commonly associated with the development of cardiovascular comorbidities for those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?

Choice A: Increase in physical activity

Physical activity can strengthen the muscles that help control urination. Exercises such as Kegels can specifically target these muscles, leading to improvements in urinary incontinence.

Choice B: Blood sugar control

While blood sugar control is important for overall health and can prevent complications from diabetes, it is not directly associated with improvements in urinary incontinence.

Choice C: Smoking cessation

Smoking can lead to coughing which puts pressure on the bladder and can exacerbate symptoms of urinary incontinence. Therefore, smoking cessation can lead to improvements.

Choice D: Weight reduction

Excess weight can put pressure on the bladder and surrounding muscles. Losing weight can reduce this pressure and improve symptoms of urinary incontinence.

There is no Choice E in this case. Each of these interventions can contribute to overall health and may indirectly affect urinary incontinence, but Choices A, C, and D are the most directly related to improvements in this condition.

Choice A reason: Set walking distance goals is not the best goal, as it is too specific and may not be appropriate for all older clients with diabetes. Walking distance may vary depending on the client's physical condition, comorbidities, and preferences.

Choice B reason: Stabilize the serum glucose is not the best goal, as it is too vague and does not reflect the client's involvement in their care. Serum glucose levels may fluctuate depending on various factors, such as diet, medication, stress, and infection.

Choice C reason: Plan for consistent exercise is not the best goal, as it is not comprehensive and does not address other aspects of diabetes management, such as nutrition, medication, and monitoring. Exercise is only one component of a holistic care plan for older clients with diabetes.

Choice D reason: Facilitate self-management is the best goal, as it encompasses all the elements of diabetes care and empowers the client to take charge of their health. Self-management involves educating the client about diabetes, providing support and resources, and encouraging adherence to the prescribed treatment regimen.

Choice E reason: None of the above is not the correct answer, as there is one choice that is the best goal for planning nursing care for an older client with diabetes mellitus.