Which formula should be used to calculate an incidence rate?
Number of true negatives/number of true negatives + number of false positives.
Number of new cases in a period of time/the total population x base multiple of 10.
Number of true positives/number of true positives + number of false negatives.
Number of new cases+ number old cases in a period of time/the total population x base multiple of 10.
The Correct Answer is B
A. Number of true negatives / (true negatives + false positives): This formula is used to calculate specificity, not incidence.
B. Number of new cases in a period of time / total population × base multiple of 10: Incidence rate measures the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific period. It is expressed per a base population size (e.g., per 1,000 or 100,000 people) to allow for comparisons across different populations.
C. Number of true positives / (true positives + false negatives): This formula is used to calculate sensitivity, not incidence.
D. Number of new cases + number of old cases in a period of time / total population × base multiple of 10: This describes prevalence, which includes both new and existing cases, not incidence.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Appreciate that the family has made the decision that it feels is best and take no further action if it is clear the family has made an informed choice: Respecting autonomy is a key ethical principle in nursing. If the family has made an informed decision without coercion, the nurse should respect their choice. Beneficence and nonmaleficence do not override autonomy in this case.
B. Try to convince the agency to give the care for free, even if it means economic stress for the agency, because the medical need is obvious: While advocacy is important, it is unethical to place financial strain on an agency without proper policy in place. This option disregards justice (fair distribution of resources).
C. Stress that each individual in society has a right to healthcare and the family will have to create some way to raise funds for the needed treatment: While healthcare access is a concern, pressuring the family to raise funds imposes unrealistic expectations and does not respect their right to decline care.
D. Talk to the media to see whether a campaign to raise funds for the family can be created: Disclosing a family's personal health information without consent violates confidentiality and privacy rights under ethical and legal guidelines.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Having the knowledge and skill set needed to advocate for the patient, but not being able to act on it due to not having the authority to do so. Moral distress occurs when a nurse knows the right action to take but is constrained by external factors such as policies, hierarchy, or legal limitations.
B. Having the authority to call off a code, then realizing the decision was harmful to the patient. This describes moral regret or ethical uncertainty, not moral distress. Moral distress occurs when a nurse is unable to act according to their ethical beliefs.
C. Having the authority to override a physician's order for pain medication. This describes an ethical dilemma rather than moral distress. Moral distress arises when a nurse cannot act despite knowing the right course of action.
D. Having the knowledge and skill set needed to provide culturally competent care. Cultural competence is an important aspect of nursing, but it does not describe moral distress, which involves ethical conflict and external barriers.
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