Which of the following agents are considered to be teratogens to the developing fetus? Select all that apply.
Second-hand smoke
Drugs including alcohol
Infections
Metabolic conditions
Processed foods
Correct Answer : A,B,C,D
Choice A reason: This is a correct answer. Second-hand smoke is the smoke that is exhaled by a smoker or emitted by a burning cigarette, cigar, or pipe. It contains many harmful chemicals that can cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Second-hand smoke can increase the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, congenital anomalies, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) .
Choice B reason: This is a correct answer. Drugs including alcohol are substances that can alter the mood, perception, or behavior of the user. They can also cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Drugs including alcohol can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), growth restriction, brain damage, and birth defects .
Choice C reason: This is a correct answer. Infections are diseases that are caused by microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. They can also cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Infections can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm labor, congenital infections, and congenital anomalies .
Choice D reason: This is a correct answer. Metabolic conditions are disorders that affect the body's ability to produce or use energy, such as diabetes, thyroid disease, or phenylketonuria (PKU). They can also cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus. Metabolic conditions can cause macrosomia, hypoglycemia, congenital hypothyroidism, or intellectual disability .
Choice E reason: This is not a correct answer. Processed foods are foods that have been altered from their natural state, such as canned, frozen, or packaged foods. They may contain additives, preservatives, or artificial flavors or colors. They do not cross the placenta and affect the developing fetus directly, but they may affect the mother's nutrition and health. Processed foods may increase the risk of obesity, hypertension, or gestational diabetes, which can indirectly affect the fetal development .
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is not the main purpose of educating the client. The client may or may not teach others about their medications, but that is not the nurse's responsibility.
Choice B reason: This is the best answer. Educating the client helps them understand their health status, treatment options, and self-care needs. This empowers them to make informed decisions that affect their health and well-being.
Choice C reason: This is not a valid reason for educating the client. The client may still need the nurse's assistance even after receiving education. The nurse's role is to support the client, not to make them independent.
Choice D reason: This is not a good reason for educating the client. The client should not advise others on their medical conditions, as this may lead to misinformation or harm. The client should refer others to qualified health professionals for advice.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: This is not the correct stage. Trust vs mistrust is the first psychosocial stage, which occurs from birth to 18 months. The main task of this stage is to develop a sense of trust in the caregivers and the environment.
Choice B reason: This is not the correct stage. Autonomy vs shame and doubt is the second psychosocial stage, which occurs from 18 months to 3 years. The main task of this stage is to develop a sense of independence and self-control.
Choice C reason: This is not the correct stage. Initiative vs guilt is the third psychosocial stage, which occurs from 3 to 6 years. The main task of this stage is to develop a sense of initiative and creativity.
Choice D reason: This is the best answer. Industry vs inferiority is the fourth psychosocial stage, which occurs from 6 to 12 years. The main task of this stage is to develop a sense of competence and achievement in social and school activities.
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