Which of the following correctly traces blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex?

A. Glomerular filtration rate will increase: Vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole increases resistance, raising glomerular pressure and increasing GFR.
B. Urine output will increase: Increased GFR results in more filtrate, which can lead to increased urine output.
C. Systemic blood pressure will go up: This is unlikely to be directly caused by local vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole. Systemic BP is mainly influenced by overall vascular resistance and cardiac output.
D. Net filtration pressure will increase: Efferent arteriole constriction backs up pressure in the glomerulus, increasing net filtration pressure.

A. The kidneys are retroperitoneal: Kidneys lie behind the peritoneum, making them retroperitoneal organs.
B. The ureters connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder: The ureters transport urine from each kidney to the bladder.
C. The urethra of males is longer than the urethra of females: The male urethra is significantly longer, due to its passage through the penis.
D. The kidneys are at equal heights within the pelvic cavity: This is incorrect-the right kidney is lower than the left due to the position of the liver. Also, kidneys are located in the upper abdomen, not the pelvic cavity.
E. The right kidney is located more inferiorly than the left kidney: True-the right kidney lies lower than the left because of the liver's size.