Which of the following has the lowest risk for sexual dysfunction and weight gain?

A. Restlessness and unable to sit still. This describes akathisia, a movement disorder characterized by an intense feeling of restlessness, often seen as a side effect of antipsychotic medications.

B. Muscle spasms on the face, eyes, neck, and tongue. Dystonia is characterized by sudden, involuntary muscle contractions, often affecting the face, neck (torticollis), eyes (oculogyric crisis), tongue, and jaw. It is a common extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) of antipsychotic medications, particularly first-generation antipsychotics.

C. Tongue rolling and lip smacking. These are hallmark symptoms of tardive dyskinesia, a late-onset movement disorder caused by long-term use of dopamine-blocking agents. It involves involuntary, repetitive movements of the mouth, face, and limbs.

D. Tremors at rest, bradykinesia, and shuffling gait. These symptoms are characteristic of Parkinsonism, an extrapyramidal side effect of dopamine-blocking medications. It mimics Parkinson’s disease and includes rigidity, tremors, and slow movements.

A. Cesar's Assessment Scale. There is no widely recognized Cesar's Assessment Scale for diagnosing ADHD.

B. Hamilton Assessment Scale. The Hamilton scales (HAM-A and HAM-D) are used to assess anxiety and depression, not ADHD. They measure emotional symptoms, somatic complaints, and cognitive impairments associated with mood disorders.

C. Vanderbilt Assessment Scale. The Vanderbilt Assessment Scale is a validated tool used for ADHD diagnosis in children. It assesses inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and associated behavioral problems based on parent and teacher reports. It also screens for common comorbidities such as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and anxiety disorders.

D. Columbia Assessment Scale. The Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) is used to assess suicidal ideation and behavior, not ADHD. It is primarily applied in psychiatric evaluations and crisis intervention settings.