Which of the following medications is effective for enuresis?

A. Only engages in solitary activities. Individuals with schizoid personality disorder (SPD) prefer solitary activities and show little interest in social interactions. They are emotionally detached and lack the desire for close relationships, including friendships and romantic partnerships.

B. Dislikes criticism. While people with SPD may be indifferent to praise or criticism, they are not particularly sensitive to it. Unlike avoidant personality disorder, where individuals avoid social interactions due to fear of rejection, those with SPD are emotionally detached and often indifferent to others' opinions.

C. Always wants to be center of attention. This describes histrionic personality disorder (HPD), not schizoid personality disorder. Individuals with HPD seek constant attention, approval, and validation, whereas those with SPD prefer to remain isolated and avoid social engagement.

D. Affective flattening. Affective flattening (emotional coldness or limited emotional expression) is a key feature of SPD. Individuals display minimal facial expressions, monotone speech, and reduced nonverbal communication, contributing to their perceived social aloofness.

A. Dopamine. Tourette’s syndrome is primarily associated with dopamine dysregulation, particularly increased dopamine activity in the basal ganglia. This overactivity leads to excessive, involuntary motor and vocal tics. Dopamine-blocking medications, such as antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol, risperidone), can help reduce tic severity.

B. Serotonin. While serotonin plays a role in mood regulation and impulse control, it is not the primary neurotransmitter involved in Tourette’s. However, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be used to treat co-occurring obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety symptoms in Tourette’s patients.

C. Glutamate is the brain’s primary excitatory neurotransmitter, involved in learning and memory. While some research suggests glutamate imbalances may contribute to tic severity and compulsive behaviors, dopamine remains the key neurotransmitter in Tourette’s pathology.

D. GABA is the brain’s primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, responsible for reducing neural excitability. Though impaired GABAergic inhibition may contribute to tic generation, the main abnormality in Tourette’s involves dopamine overactivity in the basal ganglia and cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical circuits.