All of the following are side effects of stimulants except

A. Severe temper outbursts. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) is characterized by frequent, severe temper outbursts that are out of proportion to the situation. These outbursts can be verbal or physical and occur at least three times per week, persisting for one year or more.

B. Struggle to regulate emotions. Individuals with DMDD have difficulty managing emotions, particularly anger and frustration. This emotional dysregulation leads to persistent mood instability, which interferes with daily functioning at home, school, and in social settings.

C. Hyperactivity. Hyperactivity is not a core symptom of DMDD but is more commonly associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). While some children with DMDD may also have ADHD, DMDD primarily involves severe mood disturbances rather than impulsivity or excessive movement.

D. Chronic irritability. Persistent irritability is a hallmark of DMDD, with children and adolescents experiencing near-constant irritability between temper outbursts. Unlike episodic mood disorders like bipolar disorder, DMDD symptoms are chronic and ongoing without distinct mood episodes.

A. Haloperidol (Haldol) is a first-generation (typical) antipsychotic that primarily blocks dopamine (D2) receptors. It is associated with a higher risk of extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), including dystonia, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia, compared to second-generation antipsychotics.

B. Ziprasidone (Geodon) is a second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic that blocks both dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5-HT2A) receptors. It has a lower risk of EPS but can cause QT prolongation, requiring ECG monitoring in patients with cardiac conditions.

C. Risperidone (Risperdal) is a second-generation antipsychotic with dopamine and serotonin antagonism. It is effective for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability in autism but has a higher likelihood of prolactin elevation and EPS at higher doses.

D. Olanzapine (Zyprexa) is a second-generation antipsychotic known for its high risk of metabolic side effects, including weight gain, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. It has a lower risk of EPS compared to first-generation antipsychotics.