Which of the following statements about meningitis prevention is accurate?

Choice A rationale:

All types of meningitis cannot be prevented by vaccination. While vaccinations are available for certain types of bacterial and viral meningitis, they do not cover all possible pathogens that can cause the disease.

Choice B rationale:

Meningitis can be prevented through prophylaxis measures, but this statement is not entirely accurate. Prophylaxis may be given to close contacts of individuals with certain types of bacterial meningitis to prevent its spread, but it does not apply to all cases of meningitis.

Choice C rationale:

Infection control measures are effective in preventing meningitis outbreaks. This statement is incorrect as infection control measures are crucial in controlling the spread of infections, but they cannot entirely prevent all cases of meningitis.

Choice D rationale:

Hygiene practices, such as regular handwashing and proper respiratory etiquette, play a significant role in preventing meningitis transmission. By reducing the spread of respiratory and oral pathogens, the risk of meningitis can be lowered. However, it is important to note that not all forms of meningitis are entirely preventable through hygiene practices alone, which is why vaccination remains a critical preventive measure for specific types of meningitis.

Choice A rationale:

Nuchal rigidity (stiff neck) is a classic symptom of meningitis, but it is not particularly concerning in older adults as it is in younger individuals. Older adults may have a less pronounced neck stiffness due to age-related changes.

Choice B rationale:

Rash can be a symptom of certain types of meningitis, such as meningococcal meningitis, but it is not specific to older adults. Moreover, older adults may not exhibit a rash even in cases of meningococcal meningitis.

Choice C rationale:

Irritability is a vague symptom and may not be specific to meningitis in older adults. It can be caused by various factors and does not raise significant concern for meningitis.

Choice D rationale:

Altered mental status, such as confusion, delirium, or decreased level of consciousness, is particularly concerning in older adults with suspected meningitis. Older adults may not always present with classic symptoms like neck stiffness, and altered mental status may be the primary indicator of central nervous system involvement.

Choice E rationale:

Photophobia is a common symptom of meningitis, but it is not specific to older adults. It may be present in both younger and older patients with meningitis.