Choice A reason: This is not the best description of fear in school-age children. Fear of body integrity is more common in preschoolers, who may worry about losing body parts or being harmed by monsters or animals.

Choice B reason: This is the best description of fear in school-age children. As they develop cognitively and socially, they become more aware of realistic threats and challenges, such as academic performance, peer acceptance, family problems, or natural disasters.

Choice C reason: This is not a good advice for school-age children. Hiding their fears may lead to anxiety, low self-esteem, or isolation. They should be encouraged to express their fears and seek support from trusted adults or peers.

Choice D reason: This is not a healthy way to cope with fear in school-age children. Continuous protective behavior by parents may reinforce the child's fears and prevent them from developing coping skills and resilience. Parents should provide reassurance, guidance, and exposure to the feared situations in a gradual and safe manner.

Choice A reason: This is a false statement. Problem-solving skills are very important for the suicidal adolescent, as they can help them cope with stressful situations and find alternative solutions to their problems.

Choice B reason: This is a true statement. LGBT adolescents are at a higher risk for suicide than their heterosexual peers, due to factors such as discrimination, bullying, rejection, isolation, and internalized homophobia.

Choice C reason: This is a false statement. A sense of hopelessness and despair are not normal parts of adolescence, but signs of depression, which is a major risk factor for suicide.

Choice D reason: This is a false statement. Previous suicide attempts are a strong indication of risk for completed suicides, as they show the intent and willingness to end one's life.

Choice A reason: This is not an appropriate intervention. Anger and aggression are not normal behaviors in preschoolers, regardless of their gender. They may indicate underlying emotional or developmental issues that need to be addressed.

Choice B reason: This is not an adequate intervention. Talking to the preschool teacher may provide some information about the child's behavior, but it does not address the root cause or offer any solutions. The nurse should collaborate with the teacher and the parents to develop a plan of care for the child.

Choice C reason: This is the most appropriate intervention. A professional psychosocial assessment can help identify the factors that contribute to the child's anger and aggression, such as family stress, trauma, mental health problems, or learning difficulties. The assessment can also provide recommendations for treatment and support for the child and the family.

Choice D reason: This is not a helpful intervention. Consistent and firm discipline is important for any child, but it may not be enough to change the child's behavior if there are other underlying issues. Moreover, harsh or punitive discipline may worsen the child's anger and aggression. The parent should be encouraged to use positive reinforcement, empathy, and problem-solving skills with the child.

Choice A reason: This statement does not best illustrate the developmental stage of an eighteen-year-old. Getting an A in a math exam is an academic achievement, but it does not reflect the psychosocial development of the individual.

Choice B reason: This statement does not best illustrate the developmental stage of an eighteen-year-old. Going to a senior prom is a social event, but it does not indicate the identity or role of the individual.

Choice C reason: This statement does not best illustrate the developmental stage of an eighteen-year-old. Having conflicts with parents is a common issue among adolescents, but it does not show the maturity or independence of the individual.

Choice D reason: This statement best illustrates the developmental stage of an eighteen-year-old. Going to college to become a nurse is a decision that reflects the individual's identity, career, and future goals. It also shows the individual's ability to plan ahead, make choices, and take responsibility for their life.

Choice A reason: This is not a correct statement. The mother should be offered testing, but not forced to do so. However, the nurse should explain the benefits of testing and treatment for the mother and the infant.

Choice B reason: This is not a correct statement. The infant should not wait until 12 months old to begin ART. According to the World Health Organization, all infants diagnosed with HIV should start ART as soon as possible, regardless of their age or clinical stage¹.

Choice C reason: This is the correct statement. The infant should be immediately placed on ART to reduce the risk of disease progression, opportunistic infections, and mortality. Early initiation of ART can also improve the infant's growth, development, and quality of life.

Choice D reason: This is not a correct statement. The infant should not wait until they have a clinical manifestation of AIDS to begin ART. Delaying ART can increase the risk of irreversible damage to the immune system, organ failure, and death.

Choice A reason: This is not the best response, as it may sound accusatory and judgmental. It may also increase the mother's fear and resistance to immunizations.

Choice B reason: This is the best response, as it shows empathy and respect for the mother's feelings. It also invites the mother to share her worries and doubts, which can help the nurse understand and address them.

Choice C reason: This is not the best response, as it may sound coercive and threatening. It may also imply that the only reason to immunize the child is to comply with the school requirements, not to protect his health.

Choice D reason: This is not the best response, as it may sound too general and vague. It may also not address the mother's specific concerns or questions about immunizations.

Choice A reason: This is not the correct answer, as the dose of cefotaxime is not safe for the child. The dose of cefotaxime is 700 mg IV q6 hrs, which means 2800 mg per day. The safe dose range for cefotaxime is 50-200 mg/kg/day, which means 1000-4000 mg per day for a 20 kg child. The dose of cefotaxime is above the safe dose range and may cause toxicity or adverse effects.

Choice B reason: This is the correct answer, as the dose of cefotaxime is not safe for the child. The dose of cefotaxime is 700 mg IV q6 hrs, which means 2800 mg per day. The safe dose range for cefotaxime is 50-200 mg/kg/day, which means 1000-4000 mg per day for a 20 kg child. The dose of cefotaxime is above the safe dose range and may cause toxicity or adverse effects.

Choice A reason: This is not the correct cause, as varicella is a viral infection that causes a blister-like rash all over the body, not just in the diaper area. Varicella also causes fever, headache, and malaise.

Choice B reason: This is the correct cause, as Candida albicans is a type of fungus that can cause diaper rash, especially after antibiotic use. Antibiotics can disrupt the normal flora of the skin and allow the fungus to grow. Candida albicans causes red, inflamed skin with small, raised bumps around the edges.

Choice C reason: This is not the correct cause, as impetigo is a bacterial infection that causes honey-colored crusts on the skin, usually around the mouth and nose. Impetigo is contagious and can spread to other parts of the body or other people.

Choice D reason: This is not the correct cause, as bacterial infection is too vague and nonspecific. Bacterial infection can cause different types of skin rashes, depending on the type and location of the bacteria. Bacterial infection may also cause other symptoms, such as fever, pus, or swelling.

Choice A reason: This is not a correct recommendation, as oil may not be effective in killing lice or nits. Oil may also make the hair greasy and difficult to comb.

Choice B reason: This is not a necessary recommendation, as throwing away all stuffed animals may be wasteful and upsetting for the child. Stuffed animals can be treated by sealing them in plastic bags for two weeks or by putting them in a dryer on high heat for 20 minutes¹.

Choice C reason: This is a good recommendation, as thorough cleaning of brushes, hats, and linens can help prevent the spread of lice to other people or items. However, staying home until there are no more nits is not required, as nits are not contagious and do not pose a health risk².

Choice D reason: This is the best recommendation, as applying a pediculicide and thoroughly combing the nits out of the hair can effectively treat lice infestation. Pediculicides are medicated shampoos or lotions that kill lice and some nits. Combing the nits out of the hair can remove any remaining eggs and prevent reinfestation¹².

Choice A reason: This is not a correct statement, as treatment for atopic dermatitis includes keeping the skin moist, not dry. Dry skin can worsen the itching and inflammation of eczema. Moisturizers, emollients, and topical steroids can help hydrate and protect the skin¹.

Choice B reason: This is not a correct statement, as there is no cure for atopic dermatitis. It is a chronic condition that can flare up and subside over time. Treatment can help control the symptoms and prevent complications, but it cannot eliminate the disease¹.

Choice C reason: This is not a correct statement, as atopic dermatitis is not directly associated with upper respiratory tract infections. However, some infants with atopic dermatitis may also have asthma or allergic rhinitis, which can increase the risk of respiratory infections².

Choice D reason: This is the correct statement, as atopic dermatitis is associated with allergy with a hereditary tendency. It is a type of hypersensitivity reaction that involves the immune system and the skin barrier. It is more common in infants who have a family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever¹².