A nurse is conducting a program for pregnant women with gestational diabetes about reducing complications. The nurse determines that the teaching was successful when the group identifies which factor as being most important in helping to reduce complications associated with pregnancy and diabetes?

stability of the woman's emotional and psychological status

reduction in retinopathy risk by frequent ophthalmologic evaluations

control of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels for optimal kidney function

degree of blood glucose control achieved during the pregnancy

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is D

A. Stability of the woman's emotional and psychological status:

Emotional and psychological well-being are undoubtedly important factors in pregnancy outcomes. However, in the context of gestational diabetes, while stress and psychological factors can influence overall health, including blood sugar levels, they are not the primary focus when discussing reducing complications associated with diabetes during pregnancy. While managing stress and promoting emotional stability are important aspects of prenatal care, they are not directly related to reducing complications specifically associated with gestational diabetes.

B. Reduction in retinopathy risk by frequent ophthalmologic evaluations:

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the eyes and can lead to vision impairment or blindness if left untreated. While regular ophthalmologic evaluations are crucial for individuals with diabetes to monitor for retinopathy and other eye complications, this factor is not the most important in reducing complications associated with pregnancy and diabetes. Gestational diabetes primarily affects pregnancy outcomes, and while retinopathy risk is a concern in the long term for individuals with diabetes, it is not the primary focus during pregnancy.

C. Control of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels for optimal kidney function:

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels are markers of kidney function, and kidney complications can be a concern in individuals with diabetes, including gestational diabetes. However, during pregnancy, the focus is primarily on controlling blood glucose levels to reduce complications associated with gestational diabetes. While kidney function is important and should be monitored in pregnant women with gestational diabetes, it is not the most crucial factor in reducing complications specifically related to pregnancy and diabetes.

D. Degree of blood glucose control achieved during the pregnancy:

This is the most important factor in reducing complications associated with pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Controlling blood glucose levels is paramount in managing gestational diabetes to reduce the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby. Tight glycemic control helps to minimize the risk of adverse outcomes such as macrosomia, birth trauma, preterm birth, and other complications associated with uncontrolled blood sugar levels during pregnancy.

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Correct Answer is B

Explanation

A. "You'll probably have a cesarean birth to prevent exposing your newborn."

This statement suggests a specific intervention without addressing the broader context of HIV management during pregnancy. While a cesarean birth may be recommended in certain cases to reduce the risk of vertical transmission of HIV, it is not the only or primary measure taken. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is typically the mainstay of treatment during pregnancy to suppress viral load and reduce transmission risk.

B. "Antiretroviral medications are available to help reduce the risk of transmission."

This response provides accurate information about the use of antiretroviral medications during pregnancy to reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. ART is a critical component of HIV management in pregnant women and has been shown to significantly decrease the risk of vertical transmission when used appropriately.

C. "Wait until after the infant is born, and then something can be done."

This statement is not appropriate because it suggests delaying action until after the infant is born, which may increase the risk of HIV transmission during childbirth. Prompt initiation of antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy is essential to maximize the chances of preventing vertical transmission.

D. "Antibodies cross the placenta and provide immunity to the newborn."

While it is true that antibodies can cross the placenta and provide passive immunity to the newborn for certain infections, including some viral illnesses, this statement is not directly relevant to preventing HIV transmission from an HIV-positive mother to her newborn. Unlike some infections where maternal antibodies can confer protection to the infant, HIV transmission is not prevented solely by passive immunity. Instead, active measures such as antiretroviral therapy are necessary to reduce transmission risk.

A. candidiasis. B. genital herpes simplex. C. trichomoniasis. D. bacterial vaginosis.

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

A. Candidiasis:

Candidiasis is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans in the vagina. It typically presents with symptoms such as thick, white vaginal discharge (resembling cottage cheese), itching, and discomfort during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). This option is the most likely diagnosis based on the client's symptoms.

B. Genital herpes simplex:

Genital herpes simplex is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It presents with symptoms such as painful, fluid-filled blisters or sores in the genital area. While genital herpes can cause vaginal discharge, the discharge is typically clear or cloudy, not thick and white as described in the scenario.

C. Trichomoniasis:

Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. It commonly presents with symptoms such as a frothy, yellow-green vaginal discharge, itching, and discomfort during urination or sexual intercourse. The discharge is typically not described as thick and white.

D. Bacterial vaginosis:

Bacterial vaginosis results from an imbalance of bacteria in the vagina, with a decrease in beneficial bacteria and an overgrowth of harmful bacteria. It presents with symptoms such as a thin, grayish-white vaginal discharge with a fishy odor. While bacterial vaginosis can cause vaginal discomfort, the discharge is not typically described as thick and white.

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A nurse is conducting a program for pregnant women with gestational diabetes about reducing complications. The nurse determines that the teaching was successful when the group identifies which factor as being most important in helping to reduce complications associated with pregnancy and diabetes?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

A client who is HIV-positive is in her second trimester and remains asymptomatic. She voices concern about her newborn's risk for the infection. Which statement by the nurse would be most appropriate?

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Assessment of a female client reveals a thick, white vaginal discharge. The client also reports intense itching and dyspareunia. Based on these findings, the nurse would suspect that the client has:

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Upon entering the room of a client who has had a spontaneous abortion, the nurse observes the client crying. Which response by the nurse would be most appropriate?

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