A nurse provides teaching for a patient who is newly diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. Which statement by the patient indicates understanding of the drug therapy for this disease?

Choice A reason: Warfarin does not primarily prevent platelet aggregation. It is an anticoagulant that inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, which are necessary for blood clot formation. Although it affects the clotting process, it does not have a direct impact on platelets.

Choice B reason: Heparin does not have a longer half-life compared to warfarin. In fact, heparin has a relatively short half-life, which allows for rapid adjustments in dosing. This characteristic makes it suitable for acute management of conditions like deep vein thrombosis (DVT), where immediate anticoagulation is necessary.

Choice C reason: Heparin does not necessarily have fewer adverse effects compared to warfarin. Both medications have potential side effects and risks. Heparin can cause bleeding, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and other complications, while warfarin also carries a risk of bleeding and requires careful monitoring due to its interactions with foods and other medications.

Choice D reason: The onset of warfarin is slower than heparin. Heparin works rapidly to anticoagulate the blood and is often used for immediate management of conditions like DVT. Warfarin, on the other hand, takes several days to reach its full anticoagulant effect as it gradually reduces the levels of clotting factors. Therefore, patients are typically started on heparin for immediate effect and then transitioned to warfarin for long-term anticoagulation.

Choice A reason: Hepatitis B is a viral infection that is commonly transmitted through sexual contact, as well as through exposure to infected blood or body fluids. It is highly infectious and can be spread through unprotected sex, sharing needles, or from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. Hepatitis B can cause both acute and chronic liver disease, and vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection.

Choice B reason: Hepatitis C is primarily transmitted through direct blood-to-blood contact. While it is less commonly spread through sexual contact compared to Hepatitis B, it is possible, particularly among individuals with multiple sexual partners or those who engage in high-risk sexual behaviors. Hepatitis C often becomes chronic, leading to serious liver damage over time. There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C, but antiviral medications can effectively cure the infection in most cases.

Choice C reason: Hepatitis E is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route, usually by consuming contaminated water or food. It is not commonly transmitted sexually. Hepatitis E is more prevalent in regions with poor sanitation, and it typically causes acute liver disease, which generally resolves on its own in most healthy individuals. Prevention includes good sanitation practices and proper hand hygiene.

Choice D reason: Hepatitis A is also transmitted through the fecal-oral route, primarily by ingesting contaminated food or water. It is not typically associated with sexual transmission. Hepatitis A causes acute liver disease, which usually resolves without long-term liver damage. Vaccination is available and effective in preventing Hepatitis A infection.