A patient presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath and is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. The embolism most likely originated from the:

Superficial veins of the arm.

Left ventricle.

Deep veins of the leg.

Systemic arteries.

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: The superficial veins of the arm are not a common source of emboli that cause pulmonary embolism. While blood clots can form in the superficial veins, they are less likely to travel to the lungs compared to clots formed in the deep veins of the legs.

Choice B reason: Emboli originating from the left ventricle typically travel to systemic circulation, potentially causing strokes or other systemic embolic events, rather than pulmonary embolism. Pulmonary embolism results from a clot traveling to the pulmonary arteries, which is more likely to originate from the venous system, specifically the deep veins.

Choice C reason: Deep veins of the leg, such as those in the calf and thigh, are the most common source of emboli that cause pulmonary embolism. Blood clots, known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT), can form in these veins and dislodge, traveling through the venous system and the right side of the heart to the pulmonary arteries. This can result in a pulmonary embolism, causing symptoms such as severe chest pain and shortness of breath.

Choice D reason: Systemic arteries do not typically lead to pulmonary embolism, as emboli from these arteries would travel to various parts of the systemic circulation, not the pulmonary arteries. Pulmonary embolism is primarily associated with emboli originating from the venous system, particularly the deep veins of the legs.

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Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

Choice A reason: Beta blockers are commonly used to treat cardiac dysrhythmias (irregular heartbeats). They work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart, which helps to reduce the heart rate and regulate the rhythm. This makes beta blockers effective in managing conditions such as atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and supraventricular tachycardia.

Choice B reason: Hypotension (low blood pressure) is not typically treated with beta blockers. In fact, beta blockers can sometimes lower blood pressure, so they are usually avoided in patients with pre-existing hypotension. Instead, other medications or treatments are used to manage low blood pressure.

Choice C reason: Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) is not treated with beta blockers. The primary treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy, usually with levothyroxine. Beta blockers do not address the underlying issue of thyroid hormone deficiency and are not used in the management of this condition.

Choice D reason: Beta blockers are used to treat heart failure, particularly in patients with systolic heart failure. They help to reduce the workload on the heart, improve heart function, and decrease the risk of hospitalization and mortality. By slowing the heart rate and reducing the force of contraction, beta blockers can help to manage symptoms and improve outcomes in heart failure patients.

Choice E reason: Beta blockers are used to treat stage fright (performance anxiety) because they help to control physical symptoms of anxiety, such as rapid heart rate, trembling, and sweating. By blocking the effects of adrenaline, beta blockers can help individuals feel calmer and more composed during stressful situations, such as public speaking or performing in front of an audience.

A. Abdominal pain and rectal bleeding. B. Abdominal distention, pain, inability to have a bowel movement, and nausea/vomiting. C. Dehydration, back pain, and fever. D. Diarrhea and excessive thirst.

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

Choice A reason: Abdominal pain and rectal bleeding are not the primary signs of a bowel obstruction. Rectal bleeding could be indicative of other gastrointestinal issues such as hemorrhoids, diverticulosis, or colorectal cancer. While abdominal pain is a symptom of bowel obstruction, rectal bleeding is not typically associated with it.

Choice B reason: The primary symptoms of bowel obstruction include abdominal distention, pain, inability to have a bowel movement, and nausea/vomiting. When a bowel obstruction occurs, the normal movement of intestinal contents is blocked, leading to a buildup of contents and gas. This results in abdominal distention and pain. The blockage also prevents the passage of stool and gas, causing constipation or inability to have a bowel movement. Nausea and vomiting are common as the digestive system tries to expel the contents that cannot pass through the obstruction.

Choice C reason: Dehydration, back pain, and fever are not the hallmark symptoms of bowel obstruction. While dehydration can occur due to vomiting and reduced intake, back pain is not commonly associated with bowel obstruction. Fever may indicate an infection or other complications but is not a primary symptom of bowel obstruction.

Choice D reason: Diarrhea and excessive thirst are not typical signs of bowel obstruction. In fact, bowel obstruction usually leads to constipation or the inability to pass stool rather than diarrhea. Excessive thirst could be a sign of dehydration but is not specific to bowel obstruction.

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A patient presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath and is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. The embolism most likely originated from the:

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

Which are conditions that may be treated using beta blockers? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer is ["A","D","E"]

Explanation

The symptoms and signs of bowel obstruction are:

Correct Answer is B

Explanation

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