What is the best description of the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis?
Metabolic deficit of dystrophin leads to necrosis of muscle cells.
Infection of the bone caused by bacteria or fungi.
Loss of bone matrix resulting in thin, fragile bones.
Degenerative joint disease resulting in loss of cartilage.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: A metabolic deficit of dystrophin causing muscle cell necrosis describes muscular dystrophy, not osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis involves joint cartilage degradation, not muscle pathology. Dystrophin deficiency affects muscle fiber integrity, unrelated to the joint-specific degenerative process of osteoarthritis, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: Bone infection, or osteomyelitis, is caused by bacteria or fungi, leading to bone destruction. Osteoarthritis is a non-infectious degenerative condition affecting cartilage and subchondral bone due to mechanical stress and aging, not infection, making this choice incorrect for osteoarthritis’s pathophysiology.
Choice C reason: Loss of bone matrix causing fragile bones describes osteoporosis, not osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis primarily involves cartilage breakdown and joint inflammation, with secondary bone changes like osteophytes, not systemic bone density loss, making this choice incorrect for the joint-focused pathology.
Choice D reason: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage loss due to mechanical stress, inflammation, and aging. This leads to joint pain, stiffness, and bone remodeling, such as osteophyte formation, accurately describing the pathophysiology and making this the correct choice.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, reducing neuronal excitability by opening chloride channels, hyperpolarizing neurons, and preventing action potentials, making this the correct choice.
Choice B reason: Norepinephrine is an excitatory neurotransmitter and hormone, increasing neuronal activity and arousal in the sympathetic nervous system. It does not inhibit neural signaling, making this choice incorrect for an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Choice C reason: Histamine acts as a neurotransmitter promoting wakefulness and arousal, not inhibition. It stimulates neuronal activity in the brain, unlike inhibitory neurotransmitters that reduce firing, making this choice incorrect for the role.
Choice D reason: Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, promoting neuronal firing by depolarizing neurons via ion channel activation. It does not inhibit neural activity, making this choice incorrect for an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Correct Answer is {"dropdown-group-1":"A","dropdown-group-2":"A","dropdown-group-3":"C"}
Explanation
A. Primary immunodeficiency involves a developmental failure in the bone marrow or thymus, impairing immune system development. This aligns with the question, as primary immunodeficiencies, such as severe combined immunodeficiency or DiGeorge syndrome, result from genetic defects affecting lymphocyte development, crucial for meeting physiological needs in Maslow’s hierarchy.
B. Secondary immunodeficiency results from external factors like infections or malnutrition, not developmental failure in the bone marrow or thymus. This does not fit the question, as it lacks a congenital basis.
C. Autoimmune disorders arise from immune system dysfunction attacking self-tissues, not developmental failure in immune organs. This is unrelated to the question’s focus on developmental defects.
D. Infections are a consequence of primary immunodeficiency due to impaired T-cell or B-cell function, increasing susceptibility to recurrent bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. This fits the question, as immunodeficiency predisposes individuals to infections.
E. Allergies result from immune overreactions to harmless substances, not a direct consequence of developmental immune defects. This does not align with the question’s focus on immunodeficiency outcomes.
F. Autoimmune diseases involve immune attacks on self-tissues, not a primary outcome of developmental immune failure. This is incorrect for the question’s context.
G. Malignancies are a known complication of primary immunodeficiencies, as impaired immune surveillance increases cancer risk, particularly lymphomas or leukemias. This aligns with the question’s focus on outcomes of immunodeficiency.
H. Chronic pain is not a direct result of immunodeficiency or developmental failure in the bone marrow or thymus. This does not fit the question’s scope.
I. Recurrent infections are a hallmark of primary immunodeficiency, as defective immune components fail to protect against pathogens. This aligns with the question, as it directly results from immune system developmental failure.
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