What is the best description of the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis?
Metabolic deficit of dystrophin leads to necrosis of muscle cells.
Infection of the bone caused by bacteria or fungi.
Loss of bone matrix resulting in thin, fragile bones.
Degenerative joint disease resulting in loss of cartilage.
The Correct Answer is D
Choice A reason: A metabolic deficit of dystrophin causing muscle cell necrosis describes muscular dystrophy, not osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis involves joint cartilage degradation, not muscle pathology. Dystrophin deficiency affects muscle fiber integrity, unrelated to the joint-specific degenerative process of osteoarthritis, making this choice incorrect.
Choice B reason: Bone infection, or osteomyelitis, is caused by bacteria or fungi, leading to bone destruction. Osteoarthritis is a non-infectious degenerative condition affecting cartilage and subchondral bone due to mechanical stress and aging, not infection, making this choice incorrect for osteoarthritis’s pathophysiology.
Choice C reason: Loss of bone matrix causing fragile bones describes osteoporosis, not osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis primarily involves cartilage breakdown and joint inflammation, with secondary bone changes like osteophytes, not systemic bone density loss, making this choice incorrect for the joint-focused pathology.
Choice D reason: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage loss due to mechanical stress, inflammation, and aging. This leads to joint pain, stiffness, and bone remodeling, such as osteophyte formation, accurately describing the pathophysiology and making this the correct choice.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Renal failure causes metabolic acidosis (low pH, low HCO3) due to impaired acid excretion and bicarbonate reabsorption. The low PaCO2 indicates respiratory compensation (hyperventilation) to reduce acidity, matching renal failure’s acid-base profile, making this the correct choice.
Choice B reason: This shows respiratory acidosis (low pH, high PaCO2) with normal HCO3, suggesting lung dysfunction, not renal failure. Renal failure causes metabolic acidosis due to acid retention, not CO2 accumulation, making this choice incorrect.
Choice C reason: This indicates respiratory alkalosis (high pH, low PaCO2) with low HCO3, suggesting hyperventilation, not renal failure. Renal failure leads to metabolic acidosis from acid accumulation, not respiratory changes, making this choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: This shows metabolic alkalosis (high pH, high HCO3), not typical of renal failure, which causes acidosis due to impaired acid excretion. The normal PaCO2 suggests no respiratory compensation, making this choice incorrect for renal failure.
Correct Answer is ["C","D","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Smoking introduces carcinogens like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, damaging DNA and promoting mutations in lung, throat, and other tissues. Chronic exposure increases cancer risk, particularly lung cancer, by disrupting cellular repair mechanisms, making this a correct risk factor.
Choice B reason: Obesity increases cancer risk through chronic inflammation and hormonal imbalances, like elevated estrogen, linked to breast and endometrial cancers. However, it is not listed in the provided options, so it cannot be selected, though it is scientifically relevant.
Choice C reason: Tanning without sunscreen exposes skin to UV radiation, causing DNA damage in melanocytes and increasing melanoma risk. UV-induced mutations disrupt cell cycle regulation, promoting uncontrolled cell growth, making this a correct cancer risk factor.
Choice D reason: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cancers like cervical and oropharyngeal by integrating viral DNA into host cells, disrupting tumor suppressor genes. Chronic infection leads to cellular transformation, making this a correct risk factor for specific cancers.
Choice E reason: Family history of cancer indicates genetic predispositions, such as BRCA mutations, increasing risks for breast, ovarian, or other cancers. Inherited mutations impair DNA repair or cell cycle control, making this a correct risk factor for cancer development.
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