Which of the following statements best describes the difference between the intrinsic and extrinsic controls of the kidney?
Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes.
Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure.
Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways.
Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR.
The Correct Answer is D
A. Extrinsic controls will reduce blood plasma volume while intrinsic controls will increase blood plasma volumes: This is too simplistic. Both can influence fluid volume, but their primary goals differ.
B. Intrinsic controls raise blood pressure while extrinsic controls lower blood pressure: Intrinsic controls maintain GFR, not blood pressure; extrinsic controls (like RAAS and sympathetic input) raise BP.
C. Extrinsic and intrinsic controls work in nearly opposite ways: They serve different purposes rather than being true opposites.
D. Extrinsic controls have the greatest effect on systemic blood pressure while intrinsic controls have a greater effect on GFR: Intrinsic (renal autoregulation) maintains a constant GFR; extrinsic controls (like sympathetic nervous system and RAAS) maintain systemic blood pressure, especially during stress or blood loss.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. Arcuate a. → interlobar a. → afferent arteriole → cortical radiate (interlobular) a.: This is an incorrect sequence-interlobar arteries come before arcuate arteries.
B. Interlobar a. → cortical radiate (interlobular) a. → segmental a. → arcuate a.: Segmental arteries are more proximal, immediately after the renal artery.
C. Segmental a. → interlobar a. → arcuate a. → cortical radiate (interlobular) a.: This is the correct anatomical order of arterial blood flow: Renal a. → Segmental a. → Interlobar a. → Arcuate a. → Cortical radiate (interlobular) a. → Afferent arteriole
D. Afferent arteriole → cortical radiate (interlobular) a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a.: This is a reversed and incorrect sequence.
E. Segmental a. → arcuate a. → interlobar a. → cortical radiate (interlobular) a.: Arcuate arteries arise after interlobar arteries, not before.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. Posterior pituitary releases ADH: Dehydration increases blood osmolarity. This is sensed by hypothalamic osmoreceptors. In response, the hypothalamus signals the posterior pituitary to release antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH then acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney to promote water reabsorption, thereby concentrating the urine and reducing blood osmolarity.
B. Adrenal medulla releases aldosterone: Aldosterone is released from the adrenal cortex, not medulla, and is more responsive to low sodium or high potassium, not directly to osmolarity.
C. Kidneys release erythropoietin: Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia, not dehydration or osmolarity.
D. Anterior pituitary releases oxytocin: Oxytocin is released by the posterior pituitary, and it is not involved in osmolarity or water balance.
E. Adrenal cortex releases norepinephrine: Norepinephrine is released by the adrenal medulla, and is involved in fight-or-flight, not osmolarity regulation.
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