When the blood becomes acidic (acidosis) and bicarbonate ions have been depleted, new bicarbonate ions must be generated in the plasma. Which of the following is NOT a means for replenishing bicarbonate ions?
Buffered hydrogen ions are excreted in urine.
Glutamine is metabolized by deamination, oxidation, and acidification.
Ammonium ions are excreted in urine.
Bicarbonate ions are reclaimed by tubular reabsorption.
The Correct Answer is D
A. Buffered hydrogen ions are excreted in urine: This process allows new bicarbonate ions to enter the plasma, helping correct acidosis.
B. Glutamine is metabolized by deamination, oxidation, and acidification: Glutamine metabolism in renal tubule cells generates ammonia and bicarbonate, contributing to acid-base balance.
C. Ammonium ions are excreted in urine: Excreting ammonium (NH₄⁺) removes H⁺ from the body and indirectly adds new bicarbonate to the plasma.
D. Bicarbonate ions are reclaimed by tubular reabsorption: This does not generate new bicarbonate-it simply prevents loss of existing bicarbonate, which is important but not a replenishing mechanism during depletion.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation: These refer to fat and glycogen metabolism, not the complete oxidation of glucose.
B. Glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation: This is the correct and complete pathway for glucose metabolism leading to ATP production.
C. Glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain: Glycogenesis and lipogenesis are anabolic processes, not catabolic.
D. Gluconeogenesis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, lipolysis: These are mixed pathways that do not directly represent glucose oxidation.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. The ureter is innervated by parasympathetic nerve endings only: The ureters are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
B. Ureters contain sphincters at the entrance to the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine: There are no anatomical sphincters; backflow is prevented by the angle of ureter entry into the bladder wall and valve-like flaps.
C. The epithelium is stratified squamous like the skin, which allows a great deal of stretch: The ureters are lined with transitional epithelium, which allows stretching, not stratified squamous.
D. The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract: Ureters have smooth muscle that contracts rhythmically to move urine via peristalsis from the kidneys to the bladder.
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