The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when the
body's water volume is high
body's pH is low
output of antidiuretic hormone is high
output of natriuretic peptides is high
person is lost and deprived of drinking water
The Correct Answer is A
A. Body’s water volume is high: When well-hydrated, ADH secretion is low, resulting in dilute (hypotonic) urine as the kidneys excrete excess water.
B. Body’s pH is low: This would affect acid-base balance, not urine tonicity directly.
C. Output of antidiuretic hormone is high: High ADH increases water reabsorption, leading to concentrated (hypertonic) urine.
D. Output of natriuretic peptides is high: These promote Na⁺ and water loss, but hypotonic urine isn't guaranteed.
E. Person is lost and deprived of drinking water: In dehydration, ADH increases, and urine becomes concentrated, not hypotonic.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
A. Aldosterone: Aldosterone acts on the distal tubules and collecting ducts to influence sodium reabsorption, but macula densa cells do not respond directly to it.
B. Changes in Na⁺ content of the filtrate: Macula densa cells, located in the distal tubule, monitor sodium concentration in the filtrate. Low Na⁺ levels signal the juxtaglomerular cells to release renin, activating the RAAS.
C. Antidiuretic hormone: ADH affects water reabsorption in the collecting ducts, not sensed by macula densa.
D. Changes in pressure in the tubule: Baroreceptor-like pressure sensing is not the role of macula densa-they respond to chemical (Na⁺) concentration.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorus: These are micronutrients (minerals).
B. Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins: Nucleic acids are not dietary macronutrients.
C. Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins: Sodium and potassium are micronutrients.
D. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water: These are the true macronutrients, required in large amounts for energy and metabolic function.
E. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water: Water is an essential macronutrient, even though it doesn’t provide calories.
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