What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Yellowing of the sclera (icterus) is expected with high bilirubin in cirrhosis, as impaired liver function causes bilirubin accumulation. Conjugated bilirubin deposits in the sclera, visible early due to its vascularity, making this a correct clinical finding.

Choice B reason: Dark brown urine results from excess conjugated bilirubin excreted by the kidneys in cirrhosis. High bilirubin levels overwhelm liver clearance, leading to bilirubinuria, which darkens urine, making this a correct and common finding in this condition.

Choice C reason: Frothy light-colored urine is not associated with high bilirubin. Light urine suggests dilute urine or low bilirubin excretion, opposite to the dark urine seen in cirrhosis, making this an incorrect finding for this patient’s condition.

Choice D reason: Jaundice of the skin occurs with elevated bilirubin in cirrhosis, as bilirubin deposits in tissues. This yellowish discoloration is a hallmark of liver dysfunction, reflecting impaired bilirubin metabolism, making this a correct clinical manifestation.

Choice E reason: Bluish mucous membranes suggest cyanosis from hypoxemia, not related to high bilirubin. Cirrhosis causes jaundice, not oxygenation issues, unless complicated by other conditions, making this an incorrect finding for this patient.

Choice A reason: The initial stage of Alzheimer’s involves subtle short-term memory loss, mild personality changes, and forgetting details. This accurately describes early disease progression, aligning with clinical staging, making it a correct choice for Alzheimer’s stages.

Choice B reason: The moderate stage includes impaired higher cortical functions (language, spatial skills), not “no change.” This incorrect description of cognitive decline makes it an inaccurate choice for Alzheimer’s moderate stage characteristics.

Choice C reason: The moderate stage involves global cognitive impairment, including language and spatial deficits, disorientation, and inability to perform daily activities. This accurate description of moderate Alzheimer’s makes it a correct choice for the disease’s stages.

Choice D reason: The severe stage of Alzheimer’s includes loss of environmental response, requiring total care and often bedridden status. This reflects advanced disease progression, making it a correct selection for Alzheimer’s stages.

Choice E reason: Initial Alzheimer’s affects short-term, not long-term, memory. Long-term memory loss occurs later, so this inaccurate description of the initial stage makes it incorrect for Alzheimer’s early manifestations.

Choice F reason: The severe stage involves complete, not slight, loss of environmental response. This underestimation of severe Alzheimer’s dependency and disability makes it incorrect for the disease’s advanced stage.