What factor(s) place a person at risk for developing cancer? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Autosomal dominant disorders affect both genders equally, as they are not sex-linked. Heterozygous individuals express the disorder, not just males, due to the dominant allele on an autosome. The idea of females being carriers only applies to X-linked recessive disorders, making this choice scientifically inaccurate.

Choice B reason: Autosomal dominant disorders are caused by mutations on autosomes, not the Y chromosome, which is sex-linked and primarily affects males. These disorders do not typically skip generations, as the dominant allele is expressed in every affected individual, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: In autosomal dominant disorders, a single mutated allele is sufficient for expression. An affected parent (heterozygous) has one normal and one mutated allele, leading to a 50% chance of passing the mutated allele to each child, causing the disorder. This genetic inheritance pattern makes this the correct choice.

Choice D reason: In autosomal dominant disorders, there is no "carrier" state as in recessive disorders, because heterozygous individuals express the disorder. The 50% probability applies to inheriting the disorder itself, not a carrier genotype, which is a concept relevant to autosomal recessive disorders, making this choice incorrect.

Choice A reason: Landing on the feet from a high fall causes axial loading, compressing the spinal column, often resulting in a compression injury to the spinal cord. This damages cord tissue, making this the correct choice.

Choice B reason: Transection involves complete severing of the spinal cord, typically from penetrating trauma. A fall causing compression is less likely to fully transect the cord, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: Hyperflexion injuries occur when the spine bends forward excessively, as in whiplash. A fall on the feet causes vertical compression, not forward bending, making this choice incorrect for the injury.

Choice D reason: Hyperextension involves backward bending of the spine, not typical in a fall on the feet, which causes axial compression. This mechanism does not fit the described injury, making this choice incorrect.