What factor(s) place a person at risk for developing cancer? (Select all that apply)
Smoking
Obesity
Tanning without sunscreen
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Family history of cancer
Correct Answer : C,D,E
Choice A reason: Smoking introduces carcinogens like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, damaging DNA and promoting mutations in lung, throat, and other tissues. Chronic exposure increases cancer risk, particularly lung cancer, by disrupting cellular repair mechanisms, making this a correct risk factor.
Choice B reason: Obesity increases cancer risk through chronic inflammation and hormonal imbalances, like elevated estrogen, linked to breast and endometrial cancers. However, it is not listed in the provided options, so it cannot be selected, though it is scientifically relevant.
Choice C reason: Tanning without sunscreen exposes skin to UV radiation, causing DNA damage in melanocytes and increasing melanoma risk. UV-induced mutations disrupt cell cycle regulation, promoting uncontrolled cell growth, making this a correct cancer risk factor.
Choice D reason: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cancers like cervical and oropharyngeal by integrating viral DNA into host cells, disrupting tumor suppressor genes. Chronic infection leads to cellular transformation, making this a correct risk factor for specific cancers.
Choice E reason: Family history of cancer indicates genetic predispositions, such as BRCA mutations, increasing risks for breast, ovarian, or other cancers. Inherited mutations impair DNA repair or cell cycle control, making this a correct risk factor for cancer development.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is B
Explanation
Choice A reason: Overinflated alveoli and air trapping occur in emphysema or COPD, not atelectasis. Atelectasis involves alveolar collapse, reducing lung volume and gas exchange, not overinflation, making this choice incorrect for the pathophysiology of atelectasis.
Choice B reason: Atelectasis is the collapse of alveoli, often due to obstruction, compression, or surfactant deficiency, impairing ventilation and perfusion. This reduces gas exchange, causing hypoxia, and matches the pathophysiological process, making this the correct choice for atelectasis.
Choice C reason: Inflammation of the bronchi (bronchitis) involves airway inflammation, not alveolar collapse. Atelectasis results from physical collapse of alveoli, not primarily inflammatory processes, making this choice incorrect for atelectasis’s pathophysiology.
Choice D reason: Inflammatory congestion in alveoli describes pneumonia or pulmonary edema, not atelectasis. Atelectasis involves alveolar collapse, reducing ventilation without primary inflammation or fluid accumulation, making this choice incorrect for the described process.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
Choice A reason: Addison’s disease causes adrenal insufficiency, reducing aldosterone, leading to sodium loss and decreased blood volume, causing hypotension. This is a hallmark symptom due to impaired vascular tone, making this the correct choice.
Choice B reason: Hyperglycemia is not typical in Addison’s disease. Cortisol deficiency may cause hypoglycemia due to reduced gluconeogenesis, not elevated glucose, making this choice incorrect for Addison’s manifestations.
Choice C reason: Weight gain is not associated with Addison’s disease, which causes weight loss due to reduced cortisol, leading to decreased appetite and metabolism. This makes the choice incorrect.
Choice D reason: Hypernatremia does not occur in Addison’s disease. Aldosterone deficiency causes sodium loss, leading to hyponatremia, not elevated sodium, making this choice incorrect for Addison’s disease.
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