What distinguishes a middle-range theory from a grand theory of nursing?

Morals: Morals are individual beliefs or principles regarding what is right or wrong in behavior. They are personal and can be influenced by cultural, religious, or personal values. Morals guide an individual's actions based on their internal sense of right and wrong.

Values: Values are broader than morals. They refer to a set of beliefs and principles that guide an individual's attitudes and behavior. Values can include moral beliefs but also encompass other aspects such as social, political, or professional values. Values influence how a person interacts with others and society.

Laws: Laws are formal, established rules within a society that are created and enforced by governmental authorities. Laws are binding and applicable to all members of the society. They are designed to regulate behavior, maintain order, and protect the rights and safety of individuals.

Ethics: Ethics refers to a system of moral principles or values that guide the behavior of individuals or groups. In professional contexts, such as nursing, ethics often refers to the principles and standards that govern the conduct of healthcare professionals. Ethical guidelines help professionals make decisions that are morally sound and in the best interest of the patient. Ethics can be influenced by both personal moral beliefs and professional standards.

The client's spouse: While the spouse may be a close family member and have significant input into the client's medical decisions, the ultimate authority for decisions like a DNR order rests with the client, assuming they are competent to make their own decisions.

The client's only child: Similar to the spouse, a child can have an emotional and supportive role in the decision-making process, but unless legally designated as the healthcare proxy or power of attorney for healthcare decisions, they do not typically have the legal authority to make decisions for a competent adult.

The client: In the context of medical decision-making, the principle of patient autonomy is fundamental. If the client is competent and capable of making decisions, their wishes and consent are paramount. In the case of a DNR order, it should be discussed thoroughly with the client, ensuring they understand the implications, risks, and benefits before making an informed decision.

Any close blood-related relative: In general, the authority to make medical decisions, including DNR orders, is not automatically granted to any blood-related relative. The client or their legally appointed representative (such as a healthcare proxy) usually holds this authority.