What laboratory finding is expected when a person has chronic renal failure?

Choice A reason: Hepatitis A is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water or food. Ingesting water with hepatitis A virus leads to acute liver infection, as the virus replicates in hepatocytes, making this the highest risk scenario.

Choice B reason: Hepatitis A is not typically transmitted via blood transfusion, unlike hepatitis B or C. It spreads through contaminated food or water, so blood transfusion poses minimal risk for hepatitis A, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: A newborn born to a mother with cirrhosis is not at high risk for hepatitis A, as it is not congenitally transmitted. Cirrhosis may result from hepatitis but does not directly increase hepatitis A risk, making this incorrect.

Choice D reason: Intravenous drug use is a risk factor for hepatitis B and C due to bloodborne transmission. Hepatitis A spreads via the fecal-oral route, not needles, so drug use poses lower risk compared to contaminated water, making this incorrect.

Choice A reason: Stage 1 pressure ulcers present with intact skin showing non-blanchable redness, typically over bony prominences, due to localized ischemia from sustained pressure. No skin loss or blistering occurs, as the epidermis remains intact, indicating early tissue stress without ulceration. This does not match the described blister and skin loss, making it incorrect.

Choice B reason: Stage 4 pressure ulcers involve full-thickness tissue loss, exposing underlying structures like muscle, bone, or tendons. Severe necrosis and deep tissue damage occur due to prolonged pressure, disrupting blood supply extensively. The described superficial skin loss with a blister does not involve such deep structures, ruling out Stage 4.

Choice C reason: Stage 3 pressure ulcers feature full-thickness skin loss, extending into subcutaneous tissue but not to muscle or bone. They may show undermining or tunneling due to tissue necrosis. The described blister with top-layer skin loss suggests partial-thickness damage, not deep enough for Stage 3, making this choice incorrect.

Choice D reason: Stage 2 pressure ulcers involve partial-thickness skin loss, affecting the epidermis and possibly dermis, often appearing as a shallow ulcer or fluid-filled blister. The blister and loss of the top skin layer described indicate damage beyond redness but not full-thickness, aligning perfectly with Stage 2 characteristics, making this the correct choice.