Which antibiotics are classified as concentration-dependent antimicrobials?
Ciprofloxacin
Imipenem
Penicillin V
Metronidazole
Gentamicin.
The Correct Answer is E
Gentamicin is an example of a concentration-dependent antimicrobial, which means that it achieves increasing bacterial kill with increasing levels of drug. The peak concentration and the area under the concentration curve (AUC) determine the efficacy of these antibiotics. Other examples of concentration-dependent antimicrobials include fluoroquinolones, daptomycin, aminoglycosides, and amphotericin
Choice A is wrong because ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone, which is also a concentration-dependent antimicrobial.
Choice B is wrong because imipenem is a carbapenem, which is a type of beta-lactam antibiotic. Beta-lactams are time-dependent antimicrobials, which means that their bactericidal activity depends on the duration of the effective concentration.
Choice C is wrong because penicillin V is another type of beta-lactam antibiotic, which is also a time-dependent antimicrobial.
Choice D is wrong because metronidazole is a bactericidal agent that has both time- and concentration-dependent properties. However, it is not classified as a concentration-dependent antimicrobial according to the AMEG categorization of antibiotics in the European Union.
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Correct Answer is B
Explanation
This is because antibiotics act synergistically with the immune system to subdue infection, and it is critical for success that the host defenses are adequate.
Choice A is wrong becauseAge is wrong because age is a general factor that must be considered when choosing any medication, not just antimicrobials.
Choice C is wrong becauseGenetic heritage is wrong because genetic heritage is also a general factor that may affect the metabolism and excretion of medications, not the selection of antimicrobials.
Choice D is wrong becausePrevious medication reactions is wrong because previous medication reactions are also a general factor that may indicate allergies or intolerances to certain medications, not the selection of antimicrobials.
Normal ranges for immune function vary depending on the type and level of immunity measured, such as innate, adaptive, humoral or cellular immunity.Some common tests for immune function include complete blood count (CBC), immunoglobulin levels, complement levels, antibody titers and skin tests.
Normal ranges for these tests depend on the laboratory and the method used, but some examples are:
• CBC: white blood cell count 4.5-11 x 10^9/L; neutrophils 40-75%; lymphocytes 20-50%; monocytes 2-10%; eosinophils 1-6%; basophils 0-2%.
• Immunoglobulin levels: IgG 7-16 g/L; IgA 0.7-4 g/L; IgM 0.4-2.3 g/L; IgE 0-0.4 g/L.
• Complement levels: C3 0.9-1.8 g
Correct Answer is ["A","B","C"]
Explanation
Oxacillin, erythromycin and clindamycin are all antibiotics that are sensitive to Staphylococcus aureus according to the culture and sensitivity report.
This means that they can inhibit or kill the bacteria that are causing the wound infection.These antibiotics belong to different classes of drugs that have different mechanisms of action and spectrum of activity.
Choice D and E are wrong because vancomycin and linezolid are antibiotics that are usually reserved for more resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or
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