Which of the following cells increase acid in the stomach? (Select all that apply)

Choice A reason: Decreased blood pressure triggers the baroreceptor reflex, increasing sympathetic activity to raise heart rate and vasoconstriction to restore pressure. A decreased heart rate would occur with increased blood pressure, not hypotension, as parasympathetic activation dominates. This choice is incorrect as it opposes the body’s compensatory response to low blood pressure.

Choice B reason: Erythema, or skin redness, results from vasodilation or inflammation, not directly from hypotension. While compensatory vasoconstriction occurs in hypotension, it reduces skin perfusion, potentially causing pallor, not erythema. This manifestation is unrelated to the cardiovascular response to decreased blood pressure, making this choice incorrect.

Choice C reason: Increased temperature is not a direct response to decreased blood pressure. Hypotension triggers sympathetic activation, prioritizing heart rate and vasoconstriction to maintain perfusion. Temperature changes may occur in shock states, but they’re not primary manifestations of routine hypotension, making this choice irrelevant to the expected clinical response.

Choice D reason: Decreased blood pressure activates the baroreceptor reflex, stimulating sympathetic nervous system activity. This increases heart rate (tachycardia) to enhance cardiac output, compensating for low pressure to maintain tissue perfusion. This is a primary physiological response to hypotension, making it the correct clinical manifestation expected in this scenario.

Choice A reason: Poor medication compliance may worsen heart failure but isn’t directly linked to crackles and shortness of breath. These symptoms result from fluid overload due to reduced cardiac output, not solely non-adherence. This choice is less specific to the physiological cause described.

Choice B reason: Increased ventricular contraction force, as with inotropes like digoxin, improves cardiac output, reducing fluid backup. Crackles and shortness of breath indicate fluid overload from poor heart function, not enhanced contraction, making this choice incorrect for the symptoms’ cause.

Choice C reason: Decreased ventricular contraction force in heart failure reduces cardiac output, causing blood to back up into the lungs, leading to pulmonary edema. This manifests as crackles and shortness of breath due to fluid accumulation, making this the correct physiological explanation for the symptoms.

Choice D reason: Lack of exercise may contribute to overall heart failure progression but doesn’t directly cause crackles and shortness of breath. These symptoms stem from acute fluid overload due to impaired cardiac pumping, not deconditioning, making this choice incorrect for the immediate cause.