Which of the following describes a sudden intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine?

Choice A rationale

The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. It is not typically the location of a pyelonephritis infection.

Choice B rationale

The bladder is part of the lower urinary tract and is typically not the location of a pyelonephritis infection.

Choice C rationale

The ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. While they can be affected by urinary tract infections, they are not typically the primary location of a pyelonephritis infection.

Choice D rationale

Pyelonephritis is an infection that occurs in the kidneys. It typically starts in the lower urinary tract, such as the bladder, and then spreads to one or both kidneys.

Choice A rationale

The prevalence of cystitis is not increased in men due to sexual practices. In fact, cystitis is more common in women due to the shorter length of the female urethra, which allows bacteria easier access to the bladder28.

Choice B rationale

Cystitis does not occur less frequently in women due to shorter urethras. In fact, the shorter length of the female urethra is one reason why women are more susceptible to urinary tract infections, including cystitis28.

Choice C rationale

While some clients with cystitis may be asymptomatic, many experience symptoms such as frequent urination, discomfort during urination, and lower abdominal pain28.

Choice D rationale

Hormonal changes, particularly those associated with menopause, can alter the normal flora of the urinary tract and increase the risk of cystitis. The decrease in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause can affect the balance of bacteria in the urinary tract and make postmenopausal women more susceptible to urinary tract infections, including cystitis28.