Which of the following is a function of T-helper cells that is necessary for the development of an immune response?
Stimulates activation of B-cells
Provides the first line of defense against infection
Activates macrophages
Minimizes cell damage caused by T-cells
The Correct Answer is A
A. T-helper cells (CD4+ cells) play a crucial role in initiating and coordinating the immune response. They stimulate the activation of B-cells to produce antibodies and help activate cytotoxic T-cells to target infected cells.
B. The first line of defense against infection is provided by physical barriers like the skin, mucous membranes, and innate immune responses, not by T-helper cells.
C. While T-helper cells can activate macrophages indirectly by releasing cytokines, their primary role is in helping to activate other immune cells like B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells, rather than directly activating macrophages.
D. T-helper cells are not directly involved in minimizing cell damage caused by T-cells. That role is more closely related to regulatory T-cells (Tregs) that help maintain immune tolerance and prevent excessive immune responses.
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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
A. The minor calyx collects urine from the renal papillae (tips of the renal pyramids), but it is not the structure immediately before the ureter. It connects to the major calyx.
B. Renal pyramids are structures within the kidney that contain the renal tubules and are involved in the filtration and excretion process. However, they do not directly connect to the ureter.
C. The major calyx is a larger collecting area formed by the union of several minor calyces. It channels urine into the renal pelvis but is not directly before the ureter.
D. The renal pelvis is the funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the major calyces and funnels it into the ureter. It is the anatomical structure immediately before the ureter, which then carries urine to the bladder.
Correct Answer is A
Explanation
A. The Bundle of His is the pathway that carries the electrical impulse from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches, which leads to the Purkinje fibers and ultimately causes the ventricles to contract.
B. The Purkinje fibers are the last component of the conduction system, responsible for rapidly transmitting the impulse to the ventricular muscle to trigger contraction, but the impulse must first travel through the Bundle of His.
C. The SA node is the natural pacemaker of the heart, initiating the electrical impulse, but the impulse does not travel to the SA node after the AV node. The SA node sends impulses to the atria first.
D. The bundle branches are part of the conduction system that transmits the electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers. The impulse reaches the bundle branches after traveling through the Bundle of His.
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