Which type of lipoprotein has been associated with decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis?

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

High-density lipoprotein (HDL).

Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).

Answer and Explanation

The Correct Answer is C

Choice A reason: VLDL transports triglycerides to tissues but does not reduce atherosclerosis risk. Elevated VLDL contributes to plaque formation by increasing lipid deposition in arteries. HDL’s cholesterol-removing function is protective, making VLDL incorrect, as it lacks the anti-atherogenic properties associated with decreased cardiovascular disease risk.

Choice B reason: LDL, or “bad cholesterol,” promotes atherosclerosis by depositing cholesterol in arterial walls, forming plaques. High LDL levels increase cardiovascular risk, unlike HDL, which removes cholesterol. LDL is a primary driver of atherosclerosis, making it incorrect for a lipoprotein that decreases the risk of this condition.

Choice C reason: HDL, or “good cholesterol,” reduces atherosclerosis risk by transporting cholesterol from arteries to the liver for excretion, a process called reverse cholesterol transport. High HDL levels are protective, decreasing plaque formation. This aligns with evidence-based lipid management, making HDL the correct choice for lowering cardiovascular risk.

Choice D reason: IDL, a transitional lipoprotein between VLDL and LDL, contributes to atherosclerosis by delivering cholesterol to arteries. Unlike HDL, IDL does not have protective, cholesterol-removing properties. IDL’s role in lipid metabolism increases cardiovascular risk, making it incorrect for reducing atherosclerosis risk.

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Correct Answer is A

Explanation

Choice A reason: Acute asthma exacerbations involve bronchospasms, airway edema, and excessive mucus production, narrowing airways and causing wheezing and dyspnea. These reversible inflammatory responses are triggered by allergens or irritants, aligning with asthma’s pathophysiology. This accurately describes the acute obstructive process, per respiratory medicine evidence.

Choice B reason: Thick exudates blocking airways are characteristic of conditions like pneumonia, not asthma. Asthma involves bronchospasms, edema, and mucus, not dense exudate. This choice misrepresents asthma’s acute inflammatory process, which is reversible and driven by smooth muscle contraction and mucosal swelling, making it incorrect.

Choice C reason: Chronic inflammation of the bronchi/trachea from infection suggests chronic bronchitis or tracheitis, not asthma. Asthma exacerbations are acute, triggered by non-infectious stimuli, causing spasms and edema. This chronic infectious process does not align with asthma’s reversible, allergic pathophysiology, making it an incorrect description.

Choice D reason: Reduced lung surface area from alveolar damage occurs in emphysema, not asthma. Asthma affects airways via spasms and inflammation, not alveoli. This choice describes a different obstructive disease, unrelated to asthma’s acute, reversible airway pathology, making it incorrect for an exacerbation’s pathophysiological mechanism.

A. Loss of metatarsal arch. B. An S-shaped curve to the back. C. Obesity. D. Severe kyphosis.

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Choice A reason: Loss of metatarsal arch indicates flat feet, a musculoskeletal issue unrelated to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis involves reduced bone density, causing fractures and spinal deformities like kyphosis. Arch loss does not reflect bone loss or fragility, making it incorrect for osteoporosis’s pathophysiological process.

Choice B reason: An S-shaped curve to the back suggests scoliosis, a lateral spinal deformity unrelated to osteoporosis. Osteoporosis causes vertebral compression fractures, leading to kyphosis. Scoliosis is structural, not a result of bone density loss, making this incorrect for osteoporosis’s pathophysiological manifestation.

Choice C reason: Obesity is a risk factor for many conditions but not a direct indicator of osteoporosis. In fact, higher body weight may protect against bone loss. Osteoporosis involves bone density reduction, leading to kyphosis from fractures. Obesity does not reflect this process, making it incorrect.

Choice D reason: Severe kyphosis, a forward spinal curvature, results from vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis’s reduced bone density. This pathophysiological process weakens bones, causing fractures and spinal deformity, aligning with osteoporosis’s clinical presentation in older adults, per orthopedic and endocrinology evidence.

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Which type of lipoprotein has been associated with decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis?

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Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams

The nurse is caring for a client suffering from an acute asthma exacerbation. Which pathology occurs with an asthma exacerbation?

Correct Answer is A

Explanation

The nurse is assessing an older adult female client for possible osteoporosis. Which finding indicates a pathophysiological process of osteoporosis?

Correct Answer is D

Explanation

Which is the pathophysiological basis for Parkinson’s disease?

The nurse is caring for an older adult client with heart failure (HF) and multiple comorbidities. Which finding(s) in the client’s history are consistent with the client developing HF? (Select all that apply)

The nurse is assessing a client’s skin and notices a raised nodule on the right forearm that is tender and filled with purulent secretions. The healthcare provider (HCP) diagnosed the abscess as a furuncle. Which pathological etiology places the client at risk for the development of a furuncle?

The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with primary hypertension. Which pathophysiological mechanism does the nurse recognize as the cause of primary hypertension?

A client reports new onset bilateral hearing loss after taking a medication with known ototoxic effects. Which type of hearing loss should the nurse suspect?

Which type of leukemia can be successfully treated by chemotherapy resulting in suppression, but not complete remission?

A client who is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of primary diabetes insipidus (DI) asks the nurse if they will need insulin therapy. Which response should the nurse provide?

Which type of lipoprotein has been associated with decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis?