Which type of lipoprotein has been associated with decreasing the risk of atherosclerosis?
Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL).
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
High-density lipoprotein (HDL).
Intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL).
The Correct Answer is C
Choice A reason: VLDL transports triglycerides to tissues but does not reduce atherosclerosis risk. Elevated VLDL contributes to plaque formation by increasing lipid deposition in arteries. HDL’s cholesterol-removing function is protective, making VLDL incorrect, as it lacks the anti-atherogenic properties associated with decreased cardiovascular disease risk.
Choice B reason: LDL, or “bad cholesterol,” promotes atherosclerosis by depositing cholesterol in arterial walls, forming plaques. High LDL levels increase cardiovascular risk, unlike HDL, which removes cholesterol. LDL is a primary driver of atherosclerosis, making it incorrect for a lipoprotein that decreases the risk of this condition.
Choice C reason: HDL, or “good cholesterol,” reduces atherosclerosis risk by transporting cholesterol from arteries to the liver for excretion, a process called reverse cholesterol transport. High HDL levels are protective, decreasing plaque formation. This aligns with evidence-based lipid management, making HDL the correct choice for lowering cardiovascular risk.
Choice D reason: IDL, a transitional lipoprotein between VLDL and LDL, contributes to atherosclerosis by delivering cholesterol to arteries. Unlike HDL, IDL does not have protective, cholesterol-removing properties. IDL’s role in lipid metabolism increases cardiovascular risk, making it incorrect for reducing atherosclerosis risk.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","D","E"]
Explanation
Choice A reason: Fibrosis and calcification occur in chronic pancreatitis, not acute pancreatitis, which is characterized by sudden inflammation. Alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis involves duct obstruction and enzyme autodigestion, causing pain. Fibrosis is a long-term consequence, not a primary driver of the acute pain in this client’s recent alcohol binge.
Choice B reason: Inflammation from an obstructed pancreatic duct is a key cause of acute pancreatitis pain. Alcohol can trigger duct blockage, leading to enzyme backup, inflammation, and tissue irritation. This process causes severe upper abdominal pain radiating to the back, aligning with the client’s symptoms and elevated amylase/lipase levels.
Choice C reason: Bleeding gastric ulcers cause epigastric pain but are unrelated to pancreatitis, which involves pancreatic inflammation. Elevated amylase and lipase confirm pancreatitis, not ulcer disease. Ulcers do not radiate pain to the back or stem from alcohol binges, making this incorrect for the client’s diagnosis.
Choice D reason: Spasms of the sphincter of Oddi, often alcohol-induced, block pancreatic secretions, causing enzyme backup and inflammation. This contributes to the severe pain of acute pancreatitis, as obstructed flow exacerbates tissue irritation. This process aligns with the client’s symptoms and laboratory findings, supporting its role in pain causation.
Choice E reason: Autodigestion by pancreatic enzymes, activated prematurely due to duct obstruction, causes tissue damage and severe pain in acute pancreatitis. Alcohol triggers this process, leading to inflammation and necrosis. This is a primary pathophysiological mechanism, explaining the client’s pain and elevated amylase/lipase, per evidence-based pancreatitis pathology.
Correct Answer is D
Explanation
Choice A reason: Polyuria, excessive urination, is not caused by renal calculi movement. Stones obstruct the ureter, reducing urine flow and causing pain, not increased output. Polyuria is associated with conditions like diabetes, making this incorrect for the pathophysiological change linked to calculi movement in the urinary tract.
Choice B reason: Uric acid increases may contribute to stone formation but are not a change caused by calculi movement. Movement triggers pain and obstruction, not serum uric acid changes. Renal colic is the direct result of stones moving, making this choice incorrect for the pathophysiological effect.
Choice C reason: Cystitis, bladder inflammation, may occur secondary to stones but is not the primary change from calculi movement. Stones moving through the ureter cause renal colic due to obstruction and spasm. Cystitis is a complication, not the direct pathophysiological change, making this incorrect.
Choice D reason: Renal colic, severe pain from ureteral obstruction and smooth muscle spasm, occurs as renal calculi move through the urinary tract. Stones irritate and block the ureter, triggering intense, colicky pain. This is the primary pathophysiological change, aligning with urological evidence for stone movement effects.
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