A. Panic:

Panic refers to a sudden, overwhelming fear or anxiety that immobilizes a person. It is an emotional response, not necessarily tied to a conflict that exceeds coping ability.

B. Apathy:

Apathy is a lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern. It does not describe an intense conflict or pressure.

C. Crisis:

A crisis is a psychological disequilibrium in a person who faces a situation that is perceived as overwhelming or insurmountable with their current coping mechanisms.

D. Disaster:

A disaster is a large-scale event that causes destruction and can affect many people; it is an external event rather than a personal psychological state.

A. The individual is treated with fear by mainstream society:

Stigmatization often leads to social rejection and fear from others, reinforcing discrimination and isolation of those with mental illness.

B. The individual is treated as dangerous, but accepted if in treatment:

This may sometimes occur, but it is not the most likely general consequence. Stigma often persists regardless of treatment status.

C. The individual has the same options as other people with chronics:

Stigma can limit access to resources, employment, and social support, unlike those with other chronic illnesses who may not face the same social bias.

D. The individual is not confronted about his/her humanness:

Stigma often does dehumanize individuals, making this statement People with mental illness are frequently devalued or seen as "other."

A. Denial:

Denial is refusing to accept reality or facts, blocking external events from awareness. The student is not denying being unprepared.

B. Anger:

Anger is an emotional response, not a defense mechanism in this context.

C. Rationalization:

Rationalization is a defense mechanism where a person justifies or excuses behaviors or outcomes to avoid the true explanation, often to preserve self-esteem.

D. Avoidance:

Avoidance involves evading a person, task, or situation altogether. The student did come to class and is not avoiding it, but explaining behavior.

A. Role performance:

This refers to how individuals fulfill the expectations of their roles in life (e.g., student, parent), not their internal identity.

B. Body image:

Body image is how a person perceives their physical appearance, which is a part of self-concept but not the whole.

C. Self-esteem:

Self-esteem is the value one places on themselves. It is a component of self-concept, but self-concept is broader.

D. Self-concept:

Self-concept encompasses an individual’s thoughts and feelings about themselves as a person, including identity, self-esteem, and role perception.

A. Severe anxiety:

Severe anxiety impairs function and concentration. It is not helpful in problem solving and is often overwhelming.

B. Panic:

Panic causes disorganized behavior and inability to think clearly. It impedes, rather than supports, problem solving.

C. Mild anxiety:

This level of anxiety enhances focus, problem-solving, and constructive action. It can help a student concentrate and prepare effectively for an examination.

D. Moderate anxiety:

While moderate anxiety can still allow problem-solving, it narrows the perceptual field and may cause difficulty in processing information.

A. An unstable event or situation:

A crisis involves an unstable or disruptive event that disturbs equilibrium.

B. A precipitating event:

This is the specific incident or trigger that leads to the crisis.

C. Vulnerability:

Vulnerability refers to the person’s limited ability to cope with the stressful situation.

D. Predictable:

Crises are usually unpredictable events. Predictability would allow preparation and prevent the event from becoming a crisis.

A. Sick role:

The sick role allows an individual to withdraw from normal obligations while being expected to seek help and recover. It is a recognized sociological concept.

B. Illness role:

Not a standard term in sociology or psychology. It’s a vague choice without defined meaning.

C. Client role:

Refers more to the consumer aspect of health care, such as someone receiving services, not the behavior assumed due to illness.

D. Patient role:

This is a general label for someone receiving treatment, not a behavioral or social adjustment to illness.

A. Stress:

Stress is the body’s nonspecific response to any demand for change. It can be physical, emotional, or psychological.

B. Anxiety:

Anxiety is a subjective emotional response, often a symptom of stress but not the physiological process itself.

C. Anger:

Anger is an emotional response to frustration or perceived threat, not a nonspecific body response to change.

D. Depression:

Depression is a mood disorder and not a general response to change.

A. Adaptive coping phase:

This would imply the person has already developed strategies that are working, which is premature if they’re just encountering the situation.

B. Beginning phase:

Not a formally recognized stage in crisis theory. Vague and non-specific.

C. Maintaining phase:

Implies stability or recovery, which happens after coping has begun, not when first encountering stress.

D. Coping phase:

In crisis theory, this is the phase where the individual tries to use available coping mechanisms in response to the stressful or difficult situation.

A. Empathy:

Empathy is the ability to understand and share another person's feelings—not a form of anxiety.

B. Panic:

Panic is characterized by an acute onset of intense fear or terror, often accompanied by physiological symptoms like palpitations or shortness of breath.

C. Trauma:

Trauma refers to a deeply distressing or disturbing experience and may result in lasting effects, not necessarily a sudden feeling.

D. Crisis:

A crisis is a state of psychological disequilibrium, but panic is more immediate and physiologic in presentation.