A client presents to the emergency room with difficulty breathing. The nurse understands which of the following is a stimulus for breathing?
Buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood
pH levels in the cerebrospinal fluid
Buildup of oxygen levels in the blood
Rising blood pressure
The Correct Answer is A
A. Buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood: Rising arterial CO₂ (hypercapnia) is the primary stimulus for increased ventilation -central chemoreceptors detect CO₂-induced changes and drive respiratory rate/ depth.
B. pH levels in the cerebrospinal fluid: Central chemoreceptors in the medulla respond to lowered CSF pH (which reflects increased CO₂) and stimulate breathing -true and closely linked to CO₂ levels (mechanism of the primary drive).
C. Buildup of oxygen levels in the blood: Increased O₂ is not a stimulus for breathing; in fact, high oxygen reduces the hypoxic drive. Low O₂ (hypoxemia), not a buildup, can stimulate ventilation via peripheral chemoreceptors.
D. Rising blood pressure: Changes in blood pressure are sensed by baroreceptors and influence cardiovascular responses, but rising blood pressure is not a direct major stimulus for ventilation.
Nursing Test Bank
Naxlex Comprehensive Predictor Exams
Related Questions
Correct Answer is ["B","C","E","F"]
Explanation
A. Liver:Accessory digestive organ (produces bile) but not part of the canal.
B. Esophagus:Muscular tube conveying food to the stomach.
C. Rectum:Terminal segment of the large intestine within the canal.
D. Gallbladder:Accessory organ that stores bile.
E. Pharynx:Shared passage that moves food/fluids to the esophagus (and air to the larynx).
F. Small intestine:Major segment of the canal for digestion and absorption.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
A. "It is an enzyme released into the duodenum.":Salivary amylase is secreted into the mouth; pancreatic amylase is released into the duodenum.
B. "It is an enzyme that breaks down the fats in breast milk.":Salivary amylase digests starches (carbohydrates); lingual lipase (and gastric/pancreatic lipases) act on fats.
C. "It is an enzyme that initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates.":Salivary amylase begins starch digestion in the oral cavity by cleaving polysaccharides into smaller sugars.
D. "It is an enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach.":Proteolysis in the stomach is primarily by pepsin (a gastric enzyme), not salivary amylase.
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