When talking about manifestations of Schizophrenia, there are positive and negative symptoms. Which of the following are negative symptoms? (Select all that apply)
Hallucinations
Apathy
Absence of normal social and interpersonal behaviors
Sensory overload due to loss of the ability to screen external sensory stimuli
Anhedonia
Incomprehensible speech
Delusions
Correct Answer : B,C,E
Choice A reason: Hallucinations are positive symptoms of schizophrenia, involving sensory experiences not based in reality, like hearing voices. Negative symptoms involve deficits, such as reduced emotional expression or social engagement. Since hallucinations add to experience, they are not negative, making this incorrect for negative symptoms.
Choice B reason: Apathy, a lack of motivation or interest, is a negative symptom of schizophrenia, reflecting diminished emotional and behavioral responses. It aligns with deficits in normal functioning, a hallmark of negative symptoms, making it a correct choice for this category of schizophrenia manifestations.
Choice C reason: Absence of normal social and interpersonal behaviors, such as social withdrawal, is a negative symptom, indicating reduced engagement and interaction. This deficit in typical social functioning is characteristic of negative symptoms in schizophrenia, making it a correct selection for this question.
Choice D reason: Sensory overload from impaired sensory filtering is not a standard negative symptom; it’s more related to cognitive or positive symptoms like hallucinations. Negative symptoms involve reduced behaviors, like apathy, so this is incorrect for the negative symptom category in schizophrenia.
Choice E reason: Anhedonia, the inability to experience pleasure, is a negative symptom, reflecting a deficit in emotional response. It is a core feature of reduced functioning in schizophrenia, aligning with negative symptom criteria, making it a correct choice for this question.
Choice F reason: Incomprehensible speech, such as disorganized speech, is a positive symptom, adding disordered communication to the patient’s experience. Negative symptoms involve reduced behaviors, like social withdrawal, so this is incorrect for the negative symptom category in schizophrenia.
Choice G reason: Delusions, false beliefs, are positive symptoms, adding to the patient’s mental experience. Negative symptoms involve deficits, such as lack of motivation, not added beliefs. This makes delusions incorrect for the negative symptom category in schizophrenia manifestations.
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Related Questions
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Polycythemia involves an increased erythrocyte count, not a decrease. A low erythrocyte count causes anemia, leading to fatigue or hypoxia, not the neurological symptoms like headaches or dizziness seen in polycythemia, making this an incorrect cause.
Choice B reason: Tissue destruction by macrophages is not a primary feature of polycythemia. It may occur in inflammatory conditions, but polycythemia’s neurological symptoms stem from blood flow changes, not macrophage activity, making this an incorrect cause.
Choice C reason: Increased blood viscosity, due to elevated red blood cell mass in polycythemia, impairs cerebral blood flow, causing neurological symptoms like headaches, dizziness, and confusion. This sluggish circulation directly affects brain perfusion, making it the primary cause of these symptoms.
Choice D reason: Hypoxia occurs in conditions with inadequate oxygen delivery, like anemia or lung disease. Polycythemia increases oxygen-carrying capacity but causes symptoms due to viscous blood flow, not hypoxia, making this an incorrect primary cause.
Correct Answer is C
Explanation
Choice A reason: Insulin autoantibodies destroying beta cells characterize Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune condition causing insulin deficiency. Type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative insulin insufficiency, not autoantibody-mediated beta cell destruction, making this an incorrect description.
Choice B reason: Lifelong insulin injections are typical in Type 1 diabetes due to absolute insulin deficiency. Type 2 patients may manage with lifestyle changes, oral medications, or insulin later, but it’s not a defining feature, making this incorrect.
Choice C reason: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance in tissues like muscle and liver, reducing glucose uptake despite normal or elevated insulin levels. This, with eventual beta cell dysfunction, defines the disease, making this the correct description.
Choice D reason: Increased glucagon secretion from alpha cells, not beta cells, may occur in diabetes, but it’s not the primary feature of Type 2. Insulin resistance is the hallmark, with beta cells producing insulin, making this an incorrect description.
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