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Which clinical findings are consistent with hypocalcemia? (Select all that apply)

A.

Constipation

B.

Trousseau's sign

C.

Positive Chvostek's sign

D.

Muscle spasms

E.

Shortened QT interval

Answer and Explanation

Correct Answer : B,C,D

(A) Constipation: Hypocalcemia causes increased GI motility, leading to diarrhea, not constipation.

(B) Trousseau's sign: Carpal spasm when inflating a BP cuff is a classic sign of hypocalcemia.

(C) Positive Chvostek’s sign: Facial twitching when tapping the facial nerve suggests hypocalcemia.

(D) Muscle spasms: Hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability, leading to spasms and cramps.

(E) Shortened QT interval: Hypocalcemia prolongs the QT interval, while hypercalcemia shortens it.


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Related Questions

Correct Answer is C

Explanation

(A) Seizure: Not a typical side effect of ARBs.

(B) Bradycardia: ARBs do not significantly affect heart rate.

(C) Hyperkalemia: Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), like losartan, reduce aldosterone secretion, leading to potassium retention and hyperkalemia.

(D) Insomnia: Not a common adverse effect of ARBs.

Correct Answer is {"A":{"answers":"A"},"B":{"answers":"C"},"C":{"answers":"D"},"D":{"answers":"E"},"E":{"answers":"B"}}

Explanation

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) → Hyponatremia

Excess ADH leads to water retention, diluting sodium levels.

Addison’s Disease → Hyperkalemia

Adrenal insufficiency leads to decreased aldosterone, causing potassium retention.

Hypoparathyroidism → Hypocalcemia

Lack of parathyroid hormone reduces calcium levels.

Diabetes Insipidus → Hypernatremia

Excessive water loss leads to sodium concentration increase.

Hyperparathyroidism → Hypercalcemia

Excess parathyroid hormone increases calcium release from bones.

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