A. While this response reassures the child that they are good, it does not directly address the magical thinking that surgery is a punishment.

B. Telling the child not to think a certain way dismisses their feelings and does not validate their emotions.

C. This response acknowledges the child's feelings (validating their emotional response) and corrects the misconception by explaining that surgery is for their health, not punishment.

D. Offering toys may distract the child, but it does not help address the root of their fear and magical thinking.

A. Occasional letter reversal is common at this age and not a concern for developmental delay.

B. At 4 years old, a child should be able to follow simple two-step instructions. Difficulty doing so may indicate a developmental delay.

C. Occasional stuttering when excited or nervous is common and does not indicate a developmental delay.

D. A vocabulary of fewer than 50 words is concerning, as children at this age typically have a much larger vocabulary.

E. Difficulty sharing toys is developmentally normal for a 4-year-old and does not necessarily indicate a delay.

A. Respiratory distress is a concern in infancy, but it is not the leading cause of death.

B. Congenital anomalies are the leading cause of death in infants, accounting for a significant proportion of infant mortality in developed countries.

C. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a leading cause of death in infants but ranks behind congenital anomalies.

D. Low birth weight can contribute to infant mortality but is not the leading direct cause of death.

A. This response assumes the family’s coping mechanisms are dysfunctional, which may not be accurate or helpful in the immediate situation.

B. Labeling the siblings as immature and suggesting counseling without further assessment is premature.

C. Jealousy and resentment are normal reactions among siblings when one child receives a lot of attention due to illness. The nurse can help the parent recognize these feelings and suggest ways to address them.

D. While it’s important for the siblings to understand their sister’s illness, this response does not acknowledge the emotional aspect of their jealousy and resentment.

A. Asking about allergies is essential to gather information about potential adverse reactions and ensure safe care.

B. While asking about a favorite food might be helpful for comfort measures, it is not essential for a health history assessment.

C. Recent illnesses and hospitalizations are critical in understanding the child’s medical background and current health status.

D. Developmental milestones are important for assessing whether the child is progressing appropriately and identifying any potential concerns.

E. While knowing about siblings might be relevant for family dynamics, it is not a key part of a health history assessment.

A. At 2 years old, toddlers typically have a vocabulary of about 50 words, not just 20.

B. Associative play begins around the age of 2, where toddlers play alongside other children and may start to engage with them, sharing toys and ideas.

C. While 2-year-olds can drink from a cup, this milestone is more typically expected earlier, around 12-15 months.

D. By 2 years, most toddlers walk independently, but this is more of a milestone for younger toddlers (around 12-15 months).

E. Feeding themselves with a spoon is an expected milestone for 2-year-olds, as they start to develop more independence in self-feeding.

A. Early intervention program screening children for developmental delays is a secondary prevention strategy that aims to identify and address delays as early as possible, thus minimizing their impact.

B. Environmental policies to decrease air pollution relate to primary prevention, as they aim to prevent health issues before they occur.

C. Well-child preventive health visits are part of primary prevention, focusing on maintaining health and preventing illness.

D. Free healthy pregnancy classes for expectant parents also represent primary prevention, promoting healthy behaviors to prevent developmental issues.

A. Allowing a child to play with small toys, even in the same room, poses a choking hazard, and parents should avoid giving small toys to preschoolers entirely.

B. Ensuring the child wears a helmet when riding a tricycle is a safe practice and shows good understanding of accident prevention.

C. Keeping cleaning supplies locked up and out of reach is an essential safety precaution for preventing poisoning and injury.

D. Teaching a child to swim and supervising them near water is critical for safety, especially since preschoolers can easily drown.

A. Believing in imaginary friends or creatures is a typical example of magical thinking, as preschoolers often create fantasy scenarios.

B. Fears of monsters or ghosts also reflect magical thinking, where children believe that thoughts or imaginations can bring about real consequences.

C. Understanding the concept of time and past events is not a characteristic of magical thinking; it reflects a more advanced cognitive ability.

D. Believing that their thoughts can cause something to happen is a hallmark of magical thinking, as preschoolers often think their ideas can influence reality.

E. Understanding cause and effect through logical reasoning develops later and is not typical of magical thinking behaviors.

F. Believing that their actions can change the outcome of events is another example of magical thinking, where children feel their behaviors have magical or direct effects on situations.

A. Allowing multiple snacks can help provide additional nutrients and calories without overwhelming the toddler during mealtimes.

B. Offering small, frequent meals throughout the day is a good strategy for toddlers experiencing physiological anorexia, as it can be more manageable for them.

C. Providing a variety of healthy foods and allowing the toddler to choose promotes autonomy and encourages healthier eating habits.

D. Avoiding the force-feeding of the toddler respects their hunger cues and helps build a positive relationship with food.

E. Limiting fluid intake is not advisable, as hydration is important, and reducing fluids may lead to dehydration.

F. Encouraging larger portions may overwhelm a toddler and lead to further resistance to eating; focusing on smaller, manageable portions is more effective.