Choice A rationale:

Stomatitis, inflammation of the oral mucosa, can make eating painful, leading to inadequate nutritional intake. The discomfort caused by stomatitis can discourage the patient from eating, potentially resulting in malnutrition. Ensuring adequate nutritional intake is crucial to support the patient's immune system and healing during antineoplastic therapy.

Choice B rationale:

Dental caries are not directly related to stomatitis. Stomatitis is inflammation of the oral mucosa, whereas dental caries involve decay of tooth structure due to bacterial action on food debris and sugars.

Choice C rationale:

Diarrhea is unrelated to stomatitis. Diarrhea involves frequent, loose, or watery stools, often caused by gastrointestinal infections, certain medications, or dietary intolerances.

Choice D rationale:

Gingival hyperplasia is an overgrowth of gum tissue and is not a likely result of stomatitis. It can be associated with some medications like anticonvulsants.

Choice D rationale:

Preschool-aged children may fear pain and bleeding, and applying a small dressing after venipuncture helps alleviate anxiety. It provides a sense of control and comfort, as the child perceives their active participation in caring for the site.

Choice A rationale:

Showing the needle and syringe might intensify anxiety in the child, making venipuncture more distressing. It's important to minimize any distress during the procedure.

Choice B rationale:

Allowing the child to help cleanse the site could lead to more anxiety as the child might interpret it as their own responsibility for the procedure.

Choice C rationale:

Encouraging the child to show the site to adults may not be reassuring for the child and could potentially exacerbate their apprehension.

Choice B rationale:

After cleft palate repair, infants should be fed pureed or soft foods to prevent trauma to the surgical site and facilitate healing. These textures minimize the risk of injury and avoid strain on the repaired area.

Choice A rationale:

Allowing the child to self-feed with a spoon can introduce solid textures prematurely and pose a risk of disrupting the surgical repair.

Choice C rationale:

Using a cup with a straw might cause suction that could negatively impact the healing surgical site, increasing the risk of complications.

Choice D rationale:

Restricting breastfeeding is not necessary for cleft palate repair. However, positioning adjustments may be needed to facilitate effective breastfeeding while minimizing stress on the surgical area.

Choice A rationale:

Avoid setting limits or establishing disciplinary guidelines is not appropriate. Children with cognitive impairment require structure and consistent boundaries to ensure their safety and development.

Choice B rationale:

Encouraging the child to socialize with same-aged children is important for their social and emotional development. Interaction with peers fosters communication skills and helps them integrate into society.

Choice C rationale:

Avoid discussing sexuality until the child is an adult may lead to misinformation and confusion. Addressing sexuality in an age-appropriate manner is vital to help the child develop a healthy understanding of their body and relationships.

Choice D rationale:

Encouraging delaying the child's entry into educational programs hinders their cognitive and intellectual growth. Early intervention and tailored educational programs are crucial for children with cognitive impairment to reach their full potential.

Choice A rationale:

High levels of structure will cause behavioral problems is incorrect. Structure and routine often provide a sense of security for children with autism and can help minimize behavioral challenges.

Choice B rationale:

Negative reinforcement works better than positive reinforcement is not accurate. Positive reinforcement is generally more effective in promoting desired behaviors in children with autism.

Choice C rationale:

Strict dietary modifications can sometimes cure autism is a misconception. While a balanced diet can positively impact overall health, there is no dietary cure for autism spectrum disorder.

Choice D rationale:

Level of functioning varies significantly among children with autism is crucial information for parents. Autism is a spectrum disorder, leading to a wide range of abilities and challenges. Tailoring interventions to the child's specific needs is important.

Choice A rationale:

Instructing the mother in palpation of bladder distention might not effectively address the issue of incomplete bladder emptying. Clean intermittent catheterization is a more appropriate technique to ensure complete emptying.

Choice B rationale:

Informing the mother that life-long antibiotic administration will be necessary is not the primary approach. Antibiotics may be required in specific situations, but addressing incomplete emptying is the key focus.

Choice C rationale:

Preparing the mother for the need for urinary diversion surgery is premature. Clean intermittent catheterization is a conservative measure that should be attempted before considering surgical options.

Choice D rationale:

Instructing the mother in the technique of clean intermittent catheterization helps manage the neurogenic bladder's incomplete emptying. This technique reduces the risk of urinary tract infections and promotes bladder health.

Evaluate their readiness to learn.

Choice A rationale:

Limiting the session to 40 minutes might not be the initial step, as it doesn't assess the patient and mother's readiness to learn. Teaching sessions should be tailored to their learning capacity, and time restrictions should come after assessing their readiness.

Choice B rationale:

Having them handle equipment is a valuable step in teaching, but it doesn't address the foundational aspect of assessing their readiness to learn. Jumping straight into equipment handling might not be effective if they are not prepared to absorb the information.

Choice C rationale:

Giving an illustrated book might engage visual learners, but without evaluating their readiness, this approach might not be the most effective starting point. Readiness assessment helps tailor teaching methods to their learning styles and capacities.

Choice D rationale:

Evaluating their readiness to learn is the best initial action. Assessing their understanding, motivation, and any barriers to learning allows the nurse to create a customized teaching plan. This approach enhances the effectiveness of subsequent teaching strategies.

An hour before meals and at bedtime.

Choice A rationale:

Scheduling chest physiotherapy an hour before meals and at bedtime is optimal. This timing helps prevent aspiration during meals and aids in clearing secretions before sleep. It complements the patient's meal schedule and sleep routine.

Choice B rationale:

Every six hours around the clock could disrupt the patient's sleep and meal times. Chest physiotherapy might not align well with the patient's daily activities, potentially affecting treatment compliance and effectiveness.

Choice C rationale:

Performing chest physiotherapy upon awakening and after meals might increase the risk of aspiration during meals. Clearing airways before meals is safer, and performing it right after meals could cause discomfort.

Choice D rationale:

Evenly spaced physiotherapy when awake lacks synchronization with meal and sleep times. This approach might not optimize treatment effects and patient convenience.

Dust the child's room with a damp cloth every week.

Choice A rationale:

Dusting the child's room with a damp cloth weekly is the most appropriate strategy. This minimizes allergen exposure by capturing and removing dust particles instead of dispersing them, as dry dusting might. Consistent, thorough cleaning can help prevent exacerbations.

Choice B rationale:

Providing down pillows might aggravate allergies due to their potential to harbor dust mites and allergens, worsening the child's asthma symptoms.

Choice C rationale:

Using a warm mist humidifier could promote mold growth and allergen accumulation in the room, potentially worsening asthma symptoms rather than alleviating them.

Choice D rationale:

Encouraging the child to go outside in cold air during an asthma attack is not recommended. Cold air can trigger bronchospasms and worsen asthma symptoms, making this strategy potentially harmful.

Choice A rationale:

Waiting to discuss the surgery until the child asks specific questions might lead to increased anxiety as the child may be apprehensive about the surgery but unable to express their concerns.

Choice B rationale:

Setting aside an hour a day to talk about the child's feelings concerning the surgery can be overwhelming for a 5-year-old, potentially increasing anxiety and making the procedure seem more daunting.

Choice C rationale:

Reading the child a story about children of similar age who go to the hospital for surgery provides a developmentally appropriate approach. It helps the child understand the process through relatable characters, reducing fear and uncertainty about the upcoming experience.

Choice D rationale:

Having the child visit a family whose preschool child has just been discharged from the hospital might expose the child to unfamiliar situations, possibly leading to more confusion and anxiety.