A. Irritability is a common symptom of depression in adolescents. They may become easily annoyed, frustrated, or angered, often over minor issues.

B. Euphoria, which refers to an exaggerated feeling of happiness or excitement, is not typically associated with depression. Instead, it may indicate a different mood disorder, such as bipolar disorder.

C. Adolescents with depression often experience decreased energy levels or fatigue. They may feel physically drained and lack motivation to engage in usual activities.

D. Social withdrawal and isolation from peers is a significant behavioral indicator of depression. Adolescents may avoid social activities, stop participating in hobbies, or spend more time alone.

E. Grandiosity refers to an exaggerated sense of one's importance, abilities, or achievements. This symptom is more characteristic of certain mood disorders like bipolar disorder or narcissistic personality disorder rather than depression.

F. Feelings of loneliness and social isolation are common in adolescents with depression. They may feel disconnected from others, even if they are physically present in social settings.

C Somatoform disorders are characterized by physical symptoms that suggest a medical condition but cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition, another mental disorder, or substance use. Individuals with somatoform disorders often experience distress or impairment due to these symptoms despite medical reassurance that no physical cause can be found.

A. Dysthymia is a type of persistent depressive disorder characterized by a depressed mood that lasts for at least two years. It typically involves emotional and behavioral symptoms rather than physical symptoms without clinical findings.

B. Body dysmorphic disorder involves a preoccupation with perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others. While it involves body image concerns, it does not manifest as physical symptoms in the absence of objective findings.

D. Major depressive disorder primarily involves mood disturbances such as sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, and changes in appetite or sleep. While physical symptoms like fatigue and changes in weight can occur, they are not typically reported persistently without objective clinical findings as seen in somatoform disorders.

B. This is the correct priority action. Serotonin syndrome can be life-threatening if not promptly recognized and treated. The physician needs to be notified immediately so that appropriate actions can be taken to manage the client's symptoms and potentially adjust the medication regimen.

A. Aspirin is not appropriate for treating serotonin syndrome. Monitoring the client's symptoms is important, but this action does not address the potential seriousness of the symptoms described.

C. Delaying notification could lead to worsening of symptoms and potential complications. Given the potential seriousness of serotonin syndrome, waiting until it's convenient is not appropriate.

D. While headache, palpitations, and stiffness could potentially be side effects of antidepressant medication, the combination of these symptoms raises concern for serotonin syndrome, which requires immediate medical attention rather than reassurance alone.

D. Peer relationships are critically important during adolescence. Positive peer relationships can provide emotional support, a sense of belonging, and opportunities for socialization and development of social skills. On the other hand, negative peer relationships, such as bullying, social exclusion, or conflicts with peers, can contribute to feelings of loneliness, rejection, and depression.

A. While positive communication between teachers and teenagers can contribute to academic success and emotional support, it is not typically listed as a primary factor directly related to depression in adolescence. Issues related to academics and school performance may indirectly affect depression, but direct communication with teachers is less likely to be a significant factor compared to other options.

B. Effective communication between parents and teenagers plays a crucial role in adolescent development. Supportive and open communication can help adolescents feel understood, validated, and supported, which can have a protective effect against depression. Conversely, poor communication or conflict within the family environment can contribute to feelings of isolation, distress, and ultimately depression.

C. Academic stress, performance pressure, and difficulties in school can significantly impact an adolescent's mental health. High expectations, bullying, academic failure, or feeling overwhelmed by schoolwork can contribute to feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, and depression in adolescents.

A. Severely restricted food intake can lead to imbalances in electrolytes such as potassium, sodium, and chloride. These imbalances can disrupt normal heart rhythm (arrhythmias) and other vital functions, potentially leading to cardiac arrest, which is a common cause of death in individuals with anorexia nervosa.

B. Individuals with anorexia nervosa are at increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. This risk may be due to the severe psychological distress associated with the disorder, as well as the physical complications that can feel overwhelming. Suicide can unfortunately be a tragic consequence in some cases.

D Dehydration is a significant risk in individuals with anorexia nervosa, especially when combined with electrolyte imbalances. Dehydration can lead to organ failure, particularly kidney failure, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.

E. Severe muscle wasting can occur in individuals with anorexia nervosa, particularly in later stages of the disorder. Loss of muscle mass contributes to overall physical weakness and compromises essential bodily functions, potentially leading to organ failure and death.

C. Anorexia nervosa itself does not directly cause diabetes. However, individuals with severe anorexia may develop metabolic disturbances, including insulin resistance, due to malnutrition. This can lead to abnormal blood sugar levels, but diabetes as a direct cause of death in anorexia is less common compared to other complications.

D. Body image disturbance is a fundamental issue in anorexia nervosa. Adolescents with anorexia often have a distorted perception of their body size and shape, seeing themselves as overweight even when significantly underweight. This distorted body image drives their obsessive behaviors around food restriction and excessive exercise in an attempt to achieve an unrealistic and unhealthy body image.

A. While adolescents with anorexia may exhibit behaviors related to food restriction, excessive exercise, or other rituals, the core issue goes beyond simply adhering to appropriate behavior. Anorexia nervosa is driven by deep-seated fears, anxieties, and perceptions related to body image and weight.

B. Control is a central issue in anorexia nervosa. Adolescents often use strict control over food intake and exercise as a way to manage overwhelming feelings of anxiety, fear, and uncertainty. By controlling their food intake and weight, individuals with anorexia may seek to regain a sense of mastery and control over their lives amidst other stressors.

C. Anxiety is a common comorbidity in individuals with anorexia nervosa, but it is not the primary issue. Anxiety often stems from fears related to weight gain, body image dissatisfaction, and the perceived loss of control. Anxiety exacerbates the obsessive thoughts and behaviors around food and weight seen in anorexia nervosa.

D. Denial is a defense mechanism where individuals refuse to acknowledge or accept a painful or distressing reality. In this case, despite objective medical evidence (biopsy results and MRI findings), the client persists in believing that the diagnosis of terminal cancer is incorrect. This refusal to accept the reality of the situation is characteristic of denial.

A. Anger typically involves feelings of frustration, resentment, or hostility towards others or the situation. While anger can be a reaction to receiving a terminal diagnosis, it is not reflective of refusing to accept the diagnosis itself.

B. Anxiety involves feelings of worry, fear, or unease about future events or uncertainties. While anxiety can accompany a terminal diagnosis, it does not manifest as outright refusal or disbelief in the diagnosis itself.

C. Withdrawal refers to a retreat or disengagement from social interactions or activities. It can be a coping mechanism in response to stress or difficult emotions. However, withdrawal does not specifically relate to refusing to accept a diagnosis like terminal cancer.

A. Denial is a common initial reaction where individuals refuse to accept the reality of their illness. They may minimize symptoms, avoid medical advice, or believe that the diagnosis is incorrect. Denial can serve as a defense mechanism to protect individuals from the shock and emotional distress of a diagnosis.

B. Anger is another stage where individuals may experience frustration, resentment, or hostility towards themselves, others, or the situation. They might feel angry about their diagnosis, the impact it has on their life, or towards healthcare providers and caregivers.

C. Grief is a natural response to loss and can be experienced when individuals face the changes, limitations, or potential outcomes associated with their illness. Grief involves feelings of sadness, despair, and mourning for the life they had before the illness, as well as for potential losses in the future. However, it is not a typical stage of the illness experience.

D. Dependency refers to a stage where individuals may rely on others for physical, emotional, or practical support due to the challenges posed by their illness. This stage can involve seeking assistance with daily activities, relying on healthcare providers for treatment, or leaning on family and friends for emotional support. However, it is not a typical stage of the illness experience.

B. Conversion disorder involves the presence of neurological symptoms that are inconsistent with known neurological or medical conditions. These symptoms often manifest as sensory or motor deficits, such as blindness, paralysis, or seizures, without a clear organic basis. The symptoms are not intentionally produced and are not explained by another medical or psychiatric condition.

A. Hypochondriasis, now known as illness anxiety disorder, involves excessive worry or preoccupation with having a serious illness despite medical reassurance and lack of significant physical symptoms. It does not typically involve sensory or neurological symptoms such as blindness.

C. Malingering involves the intentional production or exaggeration of symptoms for secondary gain, such as financial compensation, avoiding military duty, or obtaining drugs. In malingering, there is typically a clear external incentive for the behavior, which is not evident in the soldier's case.

D. Somatization disorder (now termed somatic symptom disorder) involves multiple and recurrent physical symptoms that are distressing and lead to excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to these symptoms. It does not typically present with sudden onset of sensory deficits like blindness.

D. Dissociative disorders, particularly post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and acute stress disorder, can involve the reliving of traumatic events through flashbacks, nightmares, or intrusive memories.

Hospitalization may be required if the client experiences severe distress, is at risk of self-harm or harm to others during flashbacks.

A. Dissociative amnesia is characterized by significant memory loss that cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness. If a client experiences sudden travel and cannot remember how they arrived at a distant location, it could indicate dissociative amnesia. Hospitalization is not absolutely necessary.

B Dissociative disorders are primarily treated with psychotherapy rather than medication adjustments. However, if medication adjustments are necessary for co-occurring conditions or to manage symptoms like anxiety or depression, hospitalization is not necessary.

C. Monitoring of identities is typically done on an outpatient basis, unless there are additional complications or risks identified by a healthcare professional.