A. 100 mg:. The label clearly states that each capsule contains 25 mg of Indomethacin. There is no indication that multiple capsules are taken at once unless prescribed, so 100 mg is incorrect for a single capsule dosage.
B. 125 mg: This is not the indicated dose per capsule.
C. 25 mg: The label clearly indicates that each capsule contains 25 mg of Indomethacin. This is the correct dosage per capsule. Indomethacin is often available in 25 mg increments for safe titration and individualized dosing based on patient need.
D. 75 mg: While 75 mg is a common dosage form for some extended-release Indomethacin preparations, this particular label shows 25 mg immediate-release capsules. There is no mention of 75 mg on the drug label in this case.

A. Advise the parent to discontinue the medication immediately: Discontinuing the medication without consulting the healthcare provider is unsafe. Stimulants are effective in managing ADHD symptoms, and any adjustments should be made under medical supervision. Abrupt cessation may lead to a return or worsening of symptoms.
B. Encourage the parent to eliminate all snacks between meals to promote hunger at mealtimes: While reducing snacks may improve appetite, it can also result in missed opportunities for nutrient intake, especially when the child already has a reduced appetite due to the medication. This intervention is not the most appropriate or immediate.
C. Encourage the parent to increase the child's physical activity to stimulate appetite: Physical activity can naturally increase appetite over time, but it is not the most direct or effective strategy for managing stimulant-induced appetite suppression. This approach is more of a long-term supportive strategy.
D. Encourage the parent to make breakfast the most important meal of the day before administering the medication: Stimulant medications commonly reduce appetite, especially later in the day. Ensuring the child eats a nutritious breakfast before taking the medication helps maximize calorie and nutrient intake when appetite is highest. This is the most appropriate initial nursing intervention.

A. "Avoid alcohol while taking this medication as it may increase drowsiness.": Baclofen is a central nervous system depressant and can cause sedation. Alcohol can intensify this effect, increasing the risk of severe drowsiness, dizziness, or respiratory depression.
B. "You can abruptly stop taking this medication if you don't notice improvement.": Abrupt discontinuation of Baclofen can lead to withdrawal symptoms such as hallucinations, seizures, and rebound spasticity. The medication should be tapered under medical supervision.
C. "Baclofen doesn't cause drowsiness, so you can continue your normal activities without any restrictions.": Baclofen often causes drowsiness and dizziness, especially when therapy is initiated. Patients should be cautious with activities requiring alertness, such as driving.
D. "Take this medication only when you experience muscle spasms:": Baclofen is typically taken on a regular schedule to maintain therapeutic levels and control muscle spasms continuously. It is not used on an as-needed basis.

A. Stop taking the medication if you experience any side effects: Patients should never discontinue antihypertensive medications without medical guidance. Some side effects may be temporary or manageable with adjustments, so it's important to consult the provider rather than stopping the drug abruptly.
B. Make lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy diet and exercising regularly: Lifestyle modifications are a key part of managing hypertension and improving cardiovascular health. Diet, weight management, and regular activity can enhance medication effectiveness and reduce long-term complications.
C. Monitor your blood pressure and heart rate regularly and keep a log of the readings: Routine self-monitoring allows early detection of abnormal trends and helps evaluate how well the medication is working. A log also assists healthcare providers in making informed treatment decisions and adjustments.
D. Change positions slowly to reduce the risk of dizziness and falls: Many antihypertensive drugs can cause orthostatic hypotension, especially when therapy begins. Standing up slowly from sitting or lying positions can prevent dizziness, fainting, and injury from accidental falls.
E. It's okay to skip doses occasionally if you feel your blood pressure is under control: Skipping doses undermines blood pressure stability and increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, or kidney damage. Medications must be taken regularly, even if symptoms are not noticeable.

A. "I should report a persistent cough to my provider.": A dry, persistent cough is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors like Lisinopril. Reporting this symptom is important, as the provider may consider switching to another class of antihypertensives if it becomes bothersome.
B. "I should take this medication as needed.": Lisinopril must be taken consistently every day to manage blood pressure effectively. Taking it only when symptoms are present is inappropriate and can lead to poor control and serious complications.
C. "I should expect to have facial swelling when taking this medication.": Facial swelling (angioedema) is a serious and potentially life-threatening adverse effect, not something to expect or tolerate. If it occurs, the medication should be stopped and medical help sought immediately.
D. "I should increase my intake of potassium-rich foods.": Lisinopril can increase serum potassium levels, leading to hyperkalemia. Clients should be advised to avoid excessive potassium intake and may need periodic lab monitoring.

Answer: 500 mcg.

Calculation:

Given quantity = 0.5 mg

Desired unit = mcg (micrograms)

To convert from mg to mcg

1 mg = 1000 mcg

0.5 mg × 1000 mcg/mg

= 500 mcg

A. Increased risk of arrhythmias due to drug interactions: While both drugs affect cardiovascular function, the primary risk with concurrent use is not arrhythmias. Nitroglycerin and PDE-5 inhibitors mainly influence vascular tone, not cardiac electrical activity directly.
B. Potential for life-threatening hypotension due to excessive vasodilation: Both nitroglycerin and PDE-5 inhibitors are potent vasodilators. When used together, they can cause profound hypotension due to synergistic effects on the vascular system, which may lead to syncope, myocardial infarction, or even death.
C. Increased risk of severe headache due to overlapping side effects: Headache is a known side effect of both drugs due to vasodilation, but it is not the most dangerous interaction. While uncomfortable, headaches are not life-threatening compared to the risk of severe hypotension.
D. Decreased effectiveness of nitroglycerin in relieving angina: There is no evidence that PDE-5 inhibitors reduce the efficacy of nitroglycerin. The concern is not about reduced therapeutic benefit but rather the risk of severe, potentially fatal cardiovascular side effects.

A. Take Cholestyramine with other medications to improve absorption: Cholestyramine binds bile acids in the intestine but can also bind and interfere with the absorption of other oral medications. Taking it with other drugs reduces their effectiveness and is not recommended.
B. Take the powder for oral suspension in dry form: Cholestyramine powder should never be taken dry as it can irritate the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract. It should always be mixed with water or a non-carbonated beverage before ingestion to prevent choking or esophageal irritation.
C. Take after meals: While taking it after meals can enhance its bile acid-binding effect, this alone does not prevent drug interactions. Timing with other medications is the more critical issue to address when instructing patients.
D. Take other medications at least 1 hour before or 4 hours after taking Cholestyramine: This instruction is essential to avoid interference with the absorption of other oral medications. Cholestyramine can bind many drugs, so proper spacing is required to ensure therapeutic efficacy of concurrent medications.

Desired dose = 8 mg

The medication label for Perphenazine Tablets, USP states: 2 mg per tablet.

• Determine the number of tablets needed:

Number of tablets = Desired dose / Dose per tablet

= 8 mg / 2 mg/tablet

= 4 tablets.

A. The Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System: This system plays a major role in drug metabolism, particularly in the liver, but it does not significantly affect drug distribution. Its primary influence is on the biotransformation of drugs into active or inactive metabolites.
B. Renal function: Renal function primarily affects drug excretion. Impaired kidney function can lead to drug accumulation and toxicity but has a minimal direct effect on the distribution of drugs throughout tissues and organs.
C. Gastric pH: Gastric pH influences drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, especially for pH-sensitive drugs. However, it plays little to no role in the actual distribution of the drug once it enters systemic circulation.
D. Blood flow: Blood flow is the most significant factor affecting drug distribution. Highly perfused organs like the brain, liver, and kidneys receive drugs more quickly and in higher concentrations than poorly perfused tissues, influencing the onset and intensity of drug action.