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Buffalo hump, easy bruising, and abdominal striae are hallmark features of Cushing's syndrome, which results from excess cortisol. These findings are not associated with hypothyroidism, which is characterized by a slowing of metabolic processes rather than hypercortisolism.

Increased systolic blood pressure, decreased diastolic pressure, tachycardia, and moon facies are more indicative of hyperthyroidism or Cushing's syndrome. Tachycardia and widened pulse pressure are not typical in hypothyroidism, which tends to cause bradycardia and narrowed pulse pressure.

An enlarged thyroid gland and protruding eyeballs (exophthalmos) are features of Graves' disease, a form of hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism does not typically present with these findings unless it follows treatment for Graves' disease, in which case ophthalmopathy may persist.

This describes the pathophysiology of macular degeneration, not diabetic retinopathy. Macular degeneration involves the breakdown of photoreceptor cells in the macula, leading to central vision loss, but is not directly caused by diabetes.

This describes the pathophysiology of cataracts, where lens proteins become denatured and coagulated, leading to opacity. While cataracts are more common in diabetics, this is not the mechanism of diabetic retinopathy.

This describes the pathophysiology of glaucoma, which involves increased intraocular pressure due to impaired aqueous humor drainage. Although glaucoma can co-occur with diabetes, it is not the primary mechanism of diabetic retinopathy.

While a hematology consultation may be appropriate in severe or persistent cases, the immediate action required at an ANC of 1,100/μL is to interrupt clozapine therapy due to the risk of agranulocytosis. This value falls below the threshold for safe continuation.

Continuing treatment at an ANC of 1,100/μL is contraindicated. Clozapine carries a risk of severe neutropenia, and guidelines recommend interruption of therapy when ANC drops below 1,500/μL, with more urgent action below 1,000/μL.

Suspending treatment implies a more permanent cessation. While this may be necessary if neutropenia worsens or recurs, the initial step at this ANC level is interruption, not full suspension.

This describes the pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis, a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), not bacterial pneumonia. It involves inflammation of the bronchial walls and mucosal changes but does not explain the alveolar involvement seen in pneumonia.

This is characteristic of emphysema, another form of COPD, where alveolar walls are destroyed leading to air trapping and reduced gas exchange. It is not the mechanism of bacterial pneumonia.

This describes asthma, where airway obstruction results from smooth muscle contraction, mucus production, and inflammation. Pneumonia does not typically involve bronchospasm or reversible airway obstruction.

A decreased RDW is not typical in iron deficiency anemia. RDW tends to rise as the body attempts to compensate for anemia by producing red blood cells of varying sizes. A low RDW would suggest a more uniform population of red cells, which is not characteristic of iron deficiency.

Increased MCV is seen in macrocytic anemias such as those caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Iron deficiency anemia is microcytic, not macrocytic, and therefore MCV would be decreased, not increased.

MCHC is typically decreased in iron deficiency anemia due to the reduced hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells. An increased MCHC would suggest hyperchromic anemia, which is not consistent with iron deficiency.

Pseudobulbar affect is characterized by sudden, uncontrollable episodes of laughing or crying that are disproportionate or unrelated to the situation. It does not involve loss of muscle tone or cataplexy and is typically associated with neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or traumatic brain injury.

Secondary narcolepsy occurs due to identifiable causes such as brain injury, tumors, or infections affecting the hypothalamus. While it can present with excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy is not a defining feature unless hypocretin deficiency is present. The presence of cataplexy in this case points more specifically to Type 1 narcolepsy.

Type 2 narcolepsy also presents with excessive daytime sleepiness but lacks cataplexy. Since the patient experiences muscle tone loss triggered by laughter, Type 2 narcolepsy is ruled out.

Psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder can last longer than one month, especially during severe manic or depressive episodes. The duration alone does not differentiate bipolar disorder from schizoaffective disorder.

Schizoaffective disorder can include both depressive and manic or hypomanic episodes. It is not limited to depressive episodes alone. The subtype (depressive type or bipolar type) depends on the nature of the mood episodes.

Schizoaffective disorder often includes full-blown episodes of major depression. The presence of major depressive episodes is part of the diagnostic criteria for the depressive subtype of schizoaffective disorder.

The content of the voice (calling her name) does not determine whether the experience is psychotic. Psychotic hallucinations are typically persistent, intrusive, and occur during full wakefulness. Calling her name alone does not rule in or out psychosis.

Hearing the voice of a close family member can occur in both psychotic and non-psychotic contexts. Bereavement-related hallucinations often involve familiar voices and are considered normal if they are transient and occur in specific emotional contexts.

The absence of command hallucinations reduces the risk of harm but does not alone determine whether the experience is psychotic. Non-command hallucinations can still be part of psychosis if they are persistent and occur outside sleep transitions.

Extreme blood loss is characteristic of hypovolemic shock, not septic shock. Hypovolemic shock results from a significant reduction in circulating blood volume due to hemorrhage or fluid loss, but it does not involve the immune-mediated cascade seen in sepsis.

Acute allergic reactions can lead to anaphylactic shock, which is mediated by IgE and histamine release, not by infectious agents. While both involve vasodilation and hypotension, the underlying mechanisms are distinct.

Injury to the myocardium is a hallmark of cardiogenic shock, which results from impaired cardiac output due to myocardial infarction or arrhythmias. It does not explain the immune and vascular phenomena seen in septic shock.

HIV is not an autoimmune disorder. Autoimmune diseases involve the immune system attacking the body's own tissues, whereas HIV is a viral infection that targets and destroys immune cells, specifically CD4+ T lymphocytes.

Tickborne illnesses such as Lyme disease or babesiosis are unrelated to HIV. They are caused by different pathogens and have distinct transmission routes and pathophysiology.

HIV is not a nosocomial infection. It is primarily transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and vertical transmission from mother to child. Nosocomial infections are acquired in healthcare settings and typically involve bacteria like MRSA or Pseudomonas.