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Total Questions : 54

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Question 1:

An experimental design was used to study the effects of using three strategies to teach clients, recently diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus, about insulin administration. The subjects were randomly selected for participation in each of the three experimental groups and the control group. A pre-test was administered, and at the end of three months, the same test was administered as a post-test. Which is the main threat to the internal validity of this study?

A. The possibility that the results cannot be replicated. B. How long the subjects had been diagnosed with diabetes. C. The sampling method used to select subjects for the groups. D. The subject's history during the three months of the study.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Replicability relates to external validity, not internal validity.

Choice B:

Since subjects were recently diagnosed, duration is controlled; it is not a main threat here.

Choice C:

Random selection and assignment reduce sampling bias, so this is less of a threat to internal validity.

Choice D:

Events or experiences outside the study (history) during the three months could influence the subjects’ knowledge or behavior, posing a threat to internal validity by affecting post-test results independently of the intervention.

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Question 2:

A neonatal nurse is searching for journal articles related to the effectiveness of massage therapy on decreasing sepsis in preterm newborns. Which clinical question directs the nurse to the most relevant literature?

A. How does massage therapy compare to standard treatments in decreasing sepsis among preterm neonates on a neonatal unit? B. What interventions are most commonly used to decrease sepsis in preterm neonates who are hospitalized on a neonatal unit? C. How does massage therapy affect sepsis outcomes of preterm neonates hospitalized on a neonatal unit? D. Should massage therapy be included in the care of preterm neonates in a neonatal unit to prevent sepsis?

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

This question is specific, comparative, and focuses on the effectiveness of massage therapy relative to standard treatments, which is ideal for finding relevant research evidence.

Choice B:

This question is broader and focuses on common interventions rather than the effectiveness of massage therapy specifically.

Choice C:

While focused on massage therapy, it does not specify comparison or effectiveness relative to other treatments.

Choice D:

This is more of a yes/no or opinion question and less likely to direct to rigorous comparative studies or quantitative evidence.

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Question 3:

"What is the effect of an educational intervention on antipsychotic-induced weight gain among clients who are 20 to 30 years of age with a medical diagnosis of schizophrenia?"

A. Diagnosis of schizophrenia. B. Educational intervention. C. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain. D. Clients aged 20 to 30 years.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

A .Diagnosis of schizophrenia describes the population but is not the focus of the intervention or effect being studied.

Choice B:

The educational intervention is the independent variable or the treatment whose effect is being examined.

Choice C:

Antipsychotic-induced weight gain is the outcome or dependent variable, not the intervention.

Choice D:

Age range defines the population but is not the main focus of the study intervention.

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Question 4:

A nurse-researcher is investigating the effects of teaching with a group of adolescents who have Type 1 diabetes. The teenaged subjects were taught about nutrition, wound care, and maintenance of normal blood sugar levels. Which research design provides the best indication of the effects of this teaching?

A. Cross-sectional. B. Descriptive. C. Longitudinal. D. Experimental.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Cross-sectional design captures data at one point in time and does not show cause-effect relationships.

Choice B:

Descriptive design describes characteristics but does not test the effects of an intervention.

Choice C:

Longitudinal design tracks subjects over time but may not include an intervention or control group to establish causality.

Choice D:

Experimental design involves manipulation (teaching) and control, providing the best evidence for the effects of the teaching intervention.

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Question 5:

Nursing faculty members are retiring at an increasing rate each year. Which statistical calculation provides the best explanation for this statement?

A. The percentage of nurses who work as nursing faculty throughout the world. B. The median number of years that nurses work as faculty members. C. The significant age difference in hospital staff nurses and nursing faculty. D. The mean age of nursing faculty in the United States.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Percentage of nurses working as faculty does not explain increasing retirements.

Choice B:

Median years worked does not directly explain why retirements are increasing.

Choice C:

Age difference between hospital staff nurses and faculty doesn’t explain faculty retirement trends.

Choice D:

The mean age of nursing faculty indicates if the faculty population is aging, which helps explain increasing retirements as older faculty members reach retirement age.

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Question 6:

Which study design allows for manipulation of independent and dependent variables?

A. The range of motion following joint replacement surgery for clients with PCA-delivered narcotics was compared to those receiving intermittent IM narcotics. B. The researcher randomly selected 200 medical records to identify the frequency of discharges to skilled nursing facilities following total hip replacement surgery. C. Clients with fibromyalgia received logbooks to record the actions they took over a period of two weeks to alleviate their symptoms of fatigue. D. Nurse managers were interviewed about their levels of job satisfaction for the purpose of identifying themes of autonomy in their roles.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

This study involves manipulation of the independent variable (type of narcotic delivery) and measurement of the dependent variable (range of motion), fitting an experimental or quasi-experimental design.

Choice B:

This is a retrospective chart review, descriptive in nature, with no manipulation of variables.

Choice C:

This is an observational study where clients self-record actions; no variables are manipulated.

Choice D:

This qualitative study involves interviews and theme identification, with no manipulation of variables.

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Question 7:

What does P <.05 mean?

A. Only 5 out of 100 nursing research studies would report this result as significant. B. There is a 1-in-5 chance of the result occurring again by chance alone. C. The result is not significant for most nursing research, which requires more rigor. D. The researcher is 95% confident that the result did not happen randomly.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

P < .05 means the probability of the result occurring by chance is less than 5%, not that only 5 out of 100 studies report this result.

Choice B:

A 1-in-5 chance corresponds to a p-value of 0.20, not 0.05.

Choice C:

P < .05 is generally considered statistically significant in nursing research.

Choice D:

A p-value less than 0.05 indicates the researcher can be 95% confident that the observed result is not due to random chance.

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Question 8:

The nursing staff on a surgical unit decides to initiate a study aimed at reducing the rate of nosocomial infections on their unit. Which resource would provide the most current and relevant information the staff needs prior to implementation of this study?

A. Medical/surgical nursing textbooks published within the past year. B. Articles describing findings from peer-reviewed research studies. C. Best practice recommendations from trusted professional webpages. D. Hospital infection committee meeting minutes from the past six months.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Textbooks may be outdated by the time of publication and may not have the most current guidelines.

Choice B:

Peer-reviewed articles are valuable but can be time-consuming to review and may not provide consolidated current best practices.

Choice C:

Trusted professional webpages (e.g., CDC, WHO) provide up-to-date, evidence-based best practice guidelines tailored for infection control.

Choice D:

Meeting minutes provide local information but may not reflect the most current evidence or broader best practices.

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Question 9:

The nurse is using an experimental design to investigate this research question: "What is the effect of antibacterial sutures versus standard sutures on the incidence of wound infection in a randomized sample of children 5 to 10 years of age?" Which children should the nurse allow to participate in the study? (Select all that apply.)

A. First graders at a public school. B. 5 to 10-year-olds with leukemia. C. 5 to 10-year-olds who participate in sports. D. 5 to 10 year-olds who are type 1 diabetics. E. 10-year-olds who had stitches due to an accident.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

First graders typically fall within the 5 to 10-year age range and can represent healthy children in the sample.

Choice B:

Children with leukemia may have compromised immune systems, which could affect wound healing and confound results.

Choice C:

Participation in sports alone does not define eligibility; the key inclusion is having sutures.

Choice D:

Type 1 diabetes can impair healing and affect infection risk, which could bias results.

Choice E:

Children who had stitches are the appropriate population since the study compares antibacterial versus standard sutures and focuses on wound infection incidence.

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Question 10:

A nurse educator is searching for journal articles on the effectiveness of group versus individual teaching of adolescent recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Which question should the nurse use to search for the most relevant articles?

A. Do clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus prefer individual education or group education to help them manage their HgbA1C? B. Should the nurse educator use individual education or group education to teach adolescents recently diagnosed with type 2 DM? C. Among adolescents who were recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, is individual education effective in improving HbA1C? D. How does group education compare to individual education in decreasing the HbA1C in adolescents recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Focuses on client preference, not effectiveness of teaching methods.

Choice B:

A broad clinical question, less specific for literature search.

Choice C:

Examines only individual education without comparison to group education.

Choice D:

Clearly compares group vs. individual education and specifies the outcome (HbA1C decrease), making it the most focused and relevant question for searching effectiveness studies.

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Hesi rn nursing research

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