A. Assurance involves ensuring that necessary health services are available and accessible to the community.
B. Scientific knowledge-based care is a principle but not one of the core public health functions.
C. Assessment refers to monitoring the health status and identifying community health problems.
D. Policy development involves creating policies to support health initiatives, not directly ensuring service availability.

A. Cultural awareness is recognizing cultural differences but does not necessarily involve applying them in care.
B. Cultural competence is the ability to provide care that respects and integrates the patient’s cultural beliefs and practices.
C. Cultural diversity refers to the existence of multiple cultures within a community or setting.
D. Cultural knowledge is learning about different cultural practices but not yet applying them in care.

A. Communitarianism emphasizes the interests of the community over the individual.
B. Egalitarianism focuses on equality, asserting that everyone deserves equal rights and treatment.
C. Distributive or social justice is about fair allocation of resources, not just equal treatment.
D. Libertarian view emphasizes individual freedom and minimal state intervention, which may not guarantee equal treatment.

A. Federal funding often supports public health programs but is not the primary source for primary care funding.
B. Tax dollars fund many public services but do not directly represent primary care funding.
C. State grants may support specific health initiatives but are not the main funding source for primary care.
D. Health insurance is the primary mechanism through which most primary care services are funded and reimbursed.

A. Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it occurs through health promotion and risk reduction. Encouraging exercise falls under this category.
B. Voluntary is not a formal level of prevention but refers to choice.
C. Secondary prevention involves early detection and screening of disease.
D. Tertiary prevention focuses on managing disease after diagnosis to prevent complications.

A. Clinical preventive services focus on individuals, not populations.
B. Population-based services address the health of entire communities, which is a central goal of public health nursing.
C. Primary health care is important but broader than the specific focus of public health nursing.
D. Tertiary health care deals with rehabilitation and chronic disease management, less emphasized in public health nursing.

A. Providing primary care is important but not a specific stated goal of Healthy People 2020.
B. Curing cancer is a long-term medical goal but not a direct focus of Healthy People 2020.
C. Promoting healthy behaviors is part of the initiative but more specifically targets multiple populations, not only children.
D. Eliminating health disparities is a key overarching goal of Healthy People 2020 to ensure health equity across all groups.

A. While public health nursing often serves disadvantaged populations, this alone does not define it as a specialty.
B. Public health nursing is recognized as a specialty because it has a unique focus on population health and a specific scope of practice.
C. Acute care interventions are typical of hospital nursing, not public health nursing.
D. A master’s degree is not always required; specialty recognition is based on practice focus and competencies.

A. Jessie Sleet Scales was one of the first African American public health nurses who worked specifically to improve health in Black communities.
B. Lillian Wald is known for founding public health nursing and the Henry Street Settlement but worked broadly with immigrant families.
C. Mary Breckinridge founded the Frontier Nursing Service focusing on rural Appalachian populations.
D. Florence Nightingale is the founder of modern nursing but not specifically focused on Black families.

A. Both public health and primary care nurses can have autonomy depending on the setting.
B. Primary care typically focuses on individual patient care, whereas public health focuses on populations.
C. Specialists are more commonly involved in secondary or tertiary care rather than primary care.
D. Community-focused care is a hallmark of public health, not primary care.