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Corniculate cartilage: Small horn-shaped cartilages that sit on top of the arytenoid cartilages; not the largest.

Epiglottic cartilage: Leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the glottis during swallowing; important but smaller than the thyroid cartilage.

Cricoid cartilage: Ring-shaped and located below the thyroid cartilage; it is smaller than the thyroid cartilage but thicker posteriorly.

Arytenoid cartilage: Pyramid-shaped cartilages involved in vocal cord movement; smaller in size.
 

Nasal vestibule: The nasal vestibule is the anterior part of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils, lined with skin and hair.

Nasal concha: The nasal conchae are curved bony projections (superior, middle, and inferior) inside the nasal cavity that increase the surface area for warming and humidifying air.

Sphenoid sinus: The sphenoid sinus is a hollow space within the sphenoid bone, located posterior to the nasal cavity and inferior to the sella turcica.

Emphysema: This causes hypoxic hypoxia due to impaired gas exchange, not anemic hypoxia.

Squamous-cell carcinoma: May obstruct airways but does not directly cause anemic hypoxia.

Asthma: Causes obstructive hypoxia (ventilatory defect), not a reduction in hemoglobin or oxygen-carrying capacity.

Atelectasis: Collapse of alveoli reduces oxygenation but does not reduce the hemoglobin content-this is hypoxic hypoxia.

Hypoventilation due to acidosis: Hypoventilation would increase CO₂, leading to respiratory acidosis, not hypocapnia.

Hypoventilation due to alkalosis: Hypocapnia is a result of hyperventilation, not hypoventilation.

Hyperventilation due to acidosis: Hyperventilation is a response to acidosis to blow off CO₂, but hypocapnia itself is a result of hyperventilation.

Hypocapnia does not affect ventilation rate: CO₂ levels significantly influence ventilation via central chemoreceptors.

Segmental bronchi: There are more than five segmental (tertiary) bronchi; each lung has multiple segments.

Choanae: These are posterior nasal apertures, not part of the lungs.

Laryngeal cartilages: There are nine laryngeal cartilages in total, not five in the lungs.

Tracheal cartilages: The trachea has multiple C-shaped cartilaginous rings, not five.

Oropharynx: The oropharynx is the middle section of the pharynx, located posterior to the oral cavity and extending from the soft palate to the epiglottis.

Hypopharynx: The hypopharynx (laryngopharynx) is the lower part of the pharynx, located below the oropharynx and above the esophagus, behind the larynx.

Esophagus: The esophagus is the muscular tube that carries food from the pharynx to the stomach. It lies inferior and posterior to the larynx and trachea.

Stomach: The stomach is located mainly in the left upper quadrant, inferior to the diaphragm and to the left of the liver. It is smaller and has a J-shaped structure, so it would not match if the pointer is on the large right-sided organ.

Spleen: The spleen is located in the left upper quadrant, lateral to the stomach and posterior to the rib cage. It is much smaller than the liver and not in the right-sided position indicated.

Diaphragm: The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. If the pointer is on the muscle just beneath the lungs, it would be the diaphragm, but here it’s on a large organ, not a muscle.

Ascending colon: The ascending colon runs vertically upward along the right side of the abdomen, from the cecum to the hepatic flexure.

Descending colon: The descending colon runs vertically down the left side of the abdomen, from the splenic flexure to the sigmoid colon.

Ileum: The ileum is the final section of the small intestine, located in the lower abdomen, and connects to the cecum.

Small intestine: The small intestine is a long, coiled tube occupying most of the central and lower abdomen, made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Rectum: The rectum is the terminal portion of the large intestine, located in the pelvic cavity, and does not extend throughout the abdomen.

Caecum: The cecum is the first part of the large intestine, located in the right lower quadrant, just below the ileocecal valve.