Share This Link

. Connective tissue: The primary function of connective tissue is to support, bind together, and protect tissues and organs (e.g., bone, cartilage, blood, and adipose tissue). It provides structure but does not generate active movement through contraction.

. Epithelial tissue: Epithelial tissue forms the covering of all body surfaces, lines body cavities and hollow organs, and is the major tissue in glands. Its main functions are protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion.

. Nervous tissue: Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities by transmitting electrical signals (impulses), not by physical contraction.

Insulin: Insulin is produced by the pancreas and regulates blood glucose levels. Low levels of insulin are associated with Diabetes Mellitus, not hypothyroidism.

Cortisol: Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, largely in response to stress. Low levels are associated with adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease).

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): In the most common form of hypothyroidism (primary hypothyroidism), TSH levels are actually high. This is because the pituitary gland detects the low T3/T4 levels and secretes more TSH in an attempt to stimulate the sluggish thyroid gland. TSH would only be low in secondary hypothyroidism (pituitary failure), but T3/T4 are the direct measures of thyroid output.

. Producing digestive enzymes: Digestive enzymes are primarily produced by the glandular organs such as the pancreas, salivary glands, stomach lining, and the small intestine, not the peritoneal membrane.

. Storing bile: Bile is produced by the liver and stored/concentrated in the gallbladder.

. Filtering waste products: The filtration of waste products from the blood is the primary function of the kidneys (and to a metabolic extent, the liver), not the peritoneum.

Carbohydrate metabolism: While the liver plays a massive role in carbohydrate metabolism (glycogenesis/gluconeogenesis), these processes rely on enzymatic reactions. While enzymes are proteins, the most immediate and critical systemic sign of hepatic protein synthesis failure is usually related to circulating plasma proteins, not the liver's internal metabolic ability.

. Immune defense: While the liver produces some complement proteins involved in immunity, the primary defense system relies on White Blood Cells (leukocytes) produced in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue.

. Fat digestion: Fat digestion relies on bile acids. While the liver synthesizes bile, bile acids are cholesterol derivatives, not proteins.

Vagus nerve (CN X): The Vagus nerve is responsible for the regulation of internal organ functions (digestion, heart rate, respiratory rate) and certain muscles of the throat for swallowing. It does not control the shoulders.

. Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII): The Hypoglossal nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue. Impairment here would result in tongue weakness or deviation, not shoulder issues.

. Facial nerve (CN VII): The Facial nerve controls the muscles of facial expression (smiling, frowning, closing eyes). It does not control neck or shoulder musculature.

Thyroxine: Although thyroxine (T4) is regulated by a negative-feedback loop in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (TRH → TSH → T4/T3), its primary role is regulation of metabolism rather than direct, minute-to-minute control of blood glucose. It can influence glucose metabolism over time but is not the main hormone for acute blood glucose homeostasis.

Adrenaline: Adrenaline (epinephrine) increases blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis during stress or “fight-or-flight.” Its release is driven largely by sympathetic nervous system activation (a feedforward/acute stress response), not by a classic negative-feedback loop aimed at maintaining steady blood glucose.

Oxytocin: Oxytocin is regulated by neural reflexes and some feedback mechanisms (notably positive feedback during labor), and it primarily influences uterine contraction and milk let-down. It is not involved in blood glucose regulation.

Distal: Distal means farther from the point of attachment or farther from the trunk/center of the body (used for limbs). It does not indicate “closer to the head.”

Inferior: Inferior means below or toward the feet - farther from the head. It is the opposite of superior.

Proximal: Proximal means nearer to the point of attachment to the trunk or nearer to the origin of a structure (used for limbs). It does not mean closer to the head unless the trunk/attachment happens to be superior, so this term is not the correct general term for “closer to the head.”

Irregular bone; varied functions: Irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae, some facial bones) have complex shapes and varied functions; ribs are not irregular bones.

Short bone; stability and support: Short bones (e.g., carpals and tarsals) are roughly cube-shaped and provide stability with limited motion; ribs are not short bones.

Long bone; support and leverage: Long bones (e.g., femur, humerus) are longer than they are wide and function mainly in support and leverage for movement; ribs are not long bones.

Kyphosis; excessive outward curvature: Kyphosis describes an excessive outward curvature (increased thoracic convexity, producing a “hunchback” appearance). This is a curvature abnormality, but it refers specifically to exaggerated thoracic outward curvature. (True statement, but the option names a specific type - see B for lateral curvature.)

Lordosis; inward curvature: Lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback). It is a curvature abnormality but indicates inward (anterior) curve, not lateral.

Osteopenia; reduced bone mass: Osteopenia describes reduced bone mineral density (less severe than osteoporosis) and affects bone strength, not the curvature shape of the spine.

By increasing metabolic rate: Increasing metabolic rate would produce more heat, which would worsen hyperthermia rather than cool the body. Metabolic rate typically increases during exercise (which raises temperature), but it is not a homeostatic response to reduce body temperature.

By decreasing the heart rate: During exercise, heart rate increases to meet oxygen demand; decreasing heart rate would impair heat dissipation and cardiovascular support for exercise. It is not a thermoregulatory mechanism to cool the body.

By constricting blood vessels and reducing sweat production: Vasoconstriction and reduced sweating conserve heat and reduce heat loss - an appropriate response in cold stress, not when body temperature is elevated. This would counteract cooling and worsen hyperthermia.