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Emergency contraception does not terminate an established pregnancy. It is ineffective once implantation has occurred. Agents like mifepristone are used for termination, not levonorgestrel or ulipristal. Emergency contraception is not abortifacient.

Endometrial shedding is not the primary mechanism. While some thinning of the endometrium may occur, it is not reliable or consistent enough to prevent implantation. The dominant action is inhibition of ovulation.

Emergency contraception does not immobilize sperm permanently. Sperm motility is unaffected by these agents. Barrier methods or spermicides are used to impair sperm movement, not hormonal emergency contraception.

A sterile inflammatory reaction in the uterus is the mechanism of intrauterine devices (IUDs), particularly copper IUDs. COCs do not induce uterine inflammation and act hormonally, not mechanically.

Physical blockage of sperm is the mechanism of barrier methods like condoms or diaphragms. COCs do not create a physical barrier but alter cervical mucus and hormonal cycles.

Copper ions impair sperm motility and viability, a mechanism specific to copper IUDs. COCs do not contain copper and do not alter sperm function directly through ionic interference.

Postmenopausal women are not at risk of pregnancy due to cessation of ovulation. Their counseling focuses on hormone replacement therapy and other health concerns, not contraception.

Women over 50 years typically have declining fertility due to reduced ovarian reserve and anovulatory cycles. While contraception may be needed until menopause is confirmed, their risk of unintended pregnancy is much lower than adolescents.

Nulliparous women may have specific considerations for method selection (e.g., IUD insertion technique), but they do not inherently have higher unintended pregnancy risk. Counseling may be individualized but not necessarily tailored due to elevated risk.

DMPA does not cause a significant increase in libido. In fact, some users report decreased libido or mood changes. Libido effects vary and are not a consistent or prominent side effect.

While DMPA does not increase the risk of venous thromboembolism, this is not a side effect but rather a safety advantage. It is suitable for women with contraindications to estrogen, but the question asks for a side effect.

DMPA often causes unpredictable menstrual cycles, especially in the first year. Many users experience irregular bleeding or amenorrhea. Predictable cycles are not a feature of DMPA use.

98% reflects perfect-use efficacy, not typical-use. This figure assumes correct and consistent use every time, which is not representative of real-world behavior. It overestimates protection in typical scenarios.

91% is the typical-use efficacy of female condoms, not male condoms. This figure is often confused with male condom data but is specific to the internal barrier method.

99% is an exaggerated figure not supported by clinical data for either typical or perfect use. No barrier method achieves 99% efficacy under typical-use conditions.

Smoking does not reduce the effectiveness of CHCs. The contraceptive efficacy remains high (>99% with perfect use), and metabolism of hormones is not significantly altered to reduce effectiveness.

Bone mineral density loss is associated with long-term use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), not CHCs. Estrogen in CHCs actually helps maintain bone density.

Irregular bleeding and spotting are more common with progestin-only methods or during initial CHC use, but not a primary contraindication in smokers over 35. The cardiovascular risk is the dominant concern.

The cervical cap is a barrier method that does not involve cycle tracking or temperature monitoring. It is inserted before intercourse and blocks sperm entry into the cervix.

Progestin-only pills require strict daily intake but do not involve temperature monitoring. Their efficacy depends on consistent timing, not physiological tracking.

The contraceptive patch delivers hormones transdermally and is replaced weekly. It does not require any temperature monitoring or cycle observation.

Female condoms are generally more expensive than male condoms. The cost per unit is higher due to manufacturing complexity and lower market volume. This makes them less accessible in low-resource settings, negating cost as an advantage.

Aesthetic preference is subjective and not a scientifically validated advantage. Studies show mixed responses regarding user satisfaction and appearance. The bulkiness and external ring may be considered less appealing by some users.

Female condoms offer comparable, not superior, protection against STIs. While they cover more external genitalia, male latex condoms have higher tensile strength and lower breakage rates. Neither offers complete protection against all STIs, especially those transmitted via skin-to-skin contact like herpes simplex virus or human papillomavirus.

Diaphragms are not inserted daily but only before intercourse. Daily insertion is unnecessary and may increase risk of irritation or infection. The timing of insertion is intercourse-dependent, not routine.

Prescription antibiotics are not required for diaphragm use. There is no prophylactic indication unless an infection is present. Routine use of antibiotics would pose unnecessary risk of resistance and side effects.

Diaphragms must remain in place for at least 6 hours after intercourse to ensure sperm are immobilized or killed. Removal after 2 hours is too early and compromises effectiveness. Maximum retention should not exceed 24 hours to avoid Toxic Shock Syndrome.

Vasectomy is not immediately effective. Sperm distal to the occlusion site can persist for up to 20 ejaculations or several weeks. Immediate reliance on vasectomy without confirmation risks pregnancy.

Vasectomy does not reduce STI risk. It only prevents sperm transport, not transmission of infectious agents. Barrier methods like condoms are still required for STI protection.

Vasectomy is considered permanent. While reversal is possible via vasovasostomy or vasoepididymostomy, success rates vary and are not guaranteed. Reversal is complex, costly, and not universally successful.