Review Eczema

Pathophysiology of the integumentary system > Pharmacology

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Eczema

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Question 1:

A nurse is caring for a pediatric patient with Eczema.

The parent asks, "Why does my child have this skin condition?" Which response by the nurse is accurate regarding the causes and risk factors of Eczema?

A. "Eczema is solely caused by genetic factors.". B. "It's primarily due to exposure to allergens and irritants.". C. "Eczema is caused by a weakened immune system.". D. "Dry skin is the only risk factor for Eczema.".

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

"Eczema is solely caused by genetic factors." This statement is not accurate.
While genetic factors can play a role in the development of eczema, it is not solely caused by genetics.
Eczema is a complex condition with multiple contributing factors.

Choice B:

"It's primarily due to exposure to allergens and irritants." This statement is accurate.
Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is primarily caused by exposure to allergens and irritants.
These environmental factors can trigger or exacerbate eczema symptoms in individuals who are genetically predisposed to the condition.
Common allergens and irritants include certain foods, dust mites, pet dander, pollen, perfumes, and harsh soaps.

Choice C:

"Eczema is caused by a weakened immune system." This statement is not entirely accurate.
While immune system dysfunction can contribute to eczema, it is not the sole cause.
Eczema is a multifactorial condition, and immune system abnormalities are just one aspect of its pathophysiology.

Choice D:

"Dry skin is the only risk factor for Eczema." This statement is not accurate.
While dry skin can be a risk factor for eczema, it is not the only one.
As mentioned earlier, exposure to allergens and irritants, as well as genetic predisposition, are significant risk factors for eczema.

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Question 2:

A client with Eczema asks, "What happens in my skin that causes all these symptoms?" How should the nurse explain the pathophysiology of Eczema?

A. "Eczema is mainly a result of overactive mast cells.". B. "It's due to a healthy skin barrier preventing allergens.". C. "Eczema involves an abnormal immune response and skin barrier dysfunction.". D. "The primary cause of Eczema is excessive water retention in the skin.".

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

"Eczema is mainly a result of overactive mast cells." This statement is not entirely accurate.
While mast cells and their release of histamines play a role in eczema symptoms, the pathophysiology of eczema is more complex.
It involves not only mast cell activation but also abnormalities in the skin barrier and immune system response.

Choice B:

"It's due to a healthy skin barrier preventing allergens." This statement is not accurate.
In eczema, there is a dysfunction in the skin barrier, which allows allergens and irritants to penetrate more easily.
A healthy skin barrier is supposed to provide protection against these environmental factors.

Choice C:

"Eczema involves an abnormal immune response and skin barrier dysfunction." This statement is accurate.
Eczema is characterized by both an abnormal immune response and dysfunction in the skin barrier.
The immune system reacts excessively to environmental triggers, leading to inflammation and the classic symptoms of eczema, such as redness, itching, and dry skin.

Choice D:

"The primary cause of Eczema is excessive water retention in the skin." This statement is not accurate.
Eczema is not primarily caused by excessive water retention in the skin.
In fact, the skin barrier dysfunction in eczema can lead to increased loss of moisture from the skin, contributing to dryness and exacerbating symptoms.

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Question 3:

A nurse is conducting a comprehensive assessment of a patient with Eczema. Which of the following findings should the nurse include in the assessment? (Select all that apply).

A. Dry, scaly skin patches. B. Fever and chills. C. Family history of asthma. D. Red, itchy skin. E. Increased water retention in the skin.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

"Dry, scaly skin patches." Dry, scaly skin patches are a characteristic finding in patients with eczema.
These patches are often itchy and may become inflamed.

Choice B:

"Fever and chills." Fever and chills are not typical symptoms of eczema.
Eczema primarily affects the skin and does not typically cause systemic symptoms like fever.

Choice C:

"Family history of asthma." A family history of asthma is relevant to the assessment of a patient with eczema.
Eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis are often part of the atopic triad, and a family history of any of these conditions may increase the risk of developing eczema.

Choice D:

"Red, itchy skin." Red, itchy skin is a hallmark symptom of eczema.
It is a result of the inflammatory response in the skin and is a common complaint among individuals with eczema.

Choice E:

"Increased water retention in the skin." Increased water retention in the skin is not a typical finding in eczema.

In fact, eczema is often associated with dry skin due to impaired skin barrier function.

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Question 4:

A client with Eczema asks, "What can be done to treat this condition?" What treatment options should the nurse discuss with the client?

A. "Applying sunscreen daily is the primary treatment for Eczema.". B. "Using over-the-counter antihistamines can help relieve symptoms.". C. "Topical corticosteroids and moisturizers are common treatments for Eczema.". D. "Eczema can only be managed through surgical procedures.".

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

"Applying sunscreen daily is the primary treatment for Eczema." This statement is not accurate.
While sunscreen can be important to protect the skin from UV radiation, it is not a primary treatment for eczema.
Eczema management primarily involves measures to moisturize the skin, reduce inflammation, and manage symptoms.

Choice B:

"Using over-the-counter antihistamines can help relieve symptoms." This statement is partially accurate.
Over-the-counter antihistamines may help relieve itching associated with eczema, but they are not a primary treatment for the condition.
Topical treatments and moisturizers are more commonly used for eczema management.

Choice C:

"Topical corticosteroids and moisturizers are common treatments for Eczema." This statement is accurate.
Topical corticosteroids are a common treatment for eczema to reduce inflammation, while moisturizers are used to hydrate and maintain the skin barrier.
These treatments are foundational in eczema management.

Choice D:

"Eczema can only be managed through surgical procedures." This statement is not accurate.
Surgical procedures are not a primary treatment for eczema.
Eczema is a chronic skin condition that can be managed through non-surgical means, such as topical medications, lifestyle modifications, and skin care routines.

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Question 5:

A nurse is providing education to a group of parents about preventing Eczema in children. Which preventive measures should the nurse suggest? .

A. "Avoid exposing your child to allergens and irritants.". B. "Encourage frequent hot baths for better skin health.". C. "Apply scented lotions to keep the skin moisturized.". D. "Expose your child to cold, dry air to toughen the skin.".

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

"Avoid exposing your child to allergens and irritants." This is the most appropriate preventive measure for eczema.
Minimizing exposure to allergens and irritants can help prevent eczema flare-ups in children who are at risk.
This includes avoiding triggers such as certain foods, dust mites, pet dander, and harsh soaps.

Choice B:

"Encourage frequent hot baths for better skin health." This statement is not accurate.
Hot baths can actually exacerbate eczema symptoms by drying out the skin.
It is recommended to use lukewarm water for bathing and to apply moisturizers immediately after bathing to lock in moisture.

Choice C:

"Apply scented lotions to keep the skin moisturized." This statement is not accurate.
Scented lotions can contain irritants that may worsen eczema symptoms.
It is advisable to use fragrance-free and hypoallergenic moisturizers for eczema-prone skin.

Choice D:

"Expose your child to cold, dry air to toughen the skin." This statement is not accurate.
Cold, dry air can actually contribute to skin dryness and worsen eczema symptoms.
It is important to maintain proper skin hydration and protect the skin from harsh environmental conditions.

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Question 6:

A nurse is assessing a patient with Eczema.

The patient presents with red, dry, and itchy patches of skin, along with swelling and blisters on the flexural surfaces of the elbows and knees.

Which statement accurately describes the appropriate treatment for this patient's condition?

A. The nurse should recommend excessive bathing to prevent further drying of the skin. B. The nurse should advise the patient to avoid moisturizing the skin to reduce inflammation. C. The nurse should suggest the use of corticosteroids to reduce redness and itching. D. The nurse should prescribe immunosuppressants for immediate relief.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Excessive bathing is not recommended for patients with eczema.
Eczema is a condition characterized by dry and sensitive skin, and excessive bathing can further strip the skin of its natural oils, leading to increased dryness and irritation.
Therefore, recommending excessive bathing would not be an appropriate treatment approach for eczema.

Choice B:

Advising the patient to avoid moisturizing the skin is not a suitable treatment option for eczema.
Moisturizing the skin is a fundamental part of managing eczema because it helps to keep the skin hydrated and reduces dryness and inflammation.
Avoiding moisturizers would exacerbate the patient's symptoms.

Choice C:

This is the correct answer.
The nurse should suggest the use of corticosteroids to reduce redness and itching in patients with eczema.
Corticosteroids are a common and effective topical treatment for eczema.
They help to reduce inflammation, itching, and redness, which are typical symptoms of eczema.
However, it's essential to use them as directed by a healthcare provider and follow proper application techniques.

Choice D:

Prescribing immunosuppressants for immediate relief is not the first-line treatment for eczema.
While immunosuppressants may be used in severe cases, they come with potential side effects and are typically reserved for cases where other treatments have not been effective or are not well-tolerated.
They are not the initial treatment choice for eczema.

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Question 7:

A client with Eczema is experiencing intense itching, leading to scratching and potential secondary infections.

What statement reflects the nurse's appropriate intervention in managing the itching and preventing complications?

A. The nurse should encourage the client to scratch the affected areas to relieve itching temporarily. B. The nurse should educate the client on the importance of avoiding scratching to prevent further skin damage. C. The nurse should apply irritants to the itchy areas to divert the client's attention from scratching. D. The nurse should recommend frequent and vigorous scratching to remove the crusts.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Encouraging the client to scratch the affected areas to relieve itching temporarily is not an appropriate intervention.
Scratching can exacerbate the symptoms of eczema by damaging the skin further and leading to potential complications, such as infections.
Itching should be managed without scratching.

Choice B:

This is the correct answer.
Educating the client on the importance of avoiding scratching is a crucial intervention in managing eczema.
Scratching can worsen the condition and lead to skin damage and secondary infections.
Patients with eczema should be encouraged to use alternative methods to relieve itching, such as applying moisturizers, using prescribed medications, or applying cool compresses.

Choice C:

Applying irritants to the itchy areas to divert the client's attention from scratching is not a recommended intervention.
It may worsen the condition and cause further irritation and discomfort.
The goal is to prevent scratching and manage itching through non-irritating means.

Choice D:

Recommending frequent and vigorous scratching to remove the crusts is not a suitable intervention.
Scratching should be avoided, as it can lead to skin damage and complications.
Crusts should be managed through appropriate skincare measures and prescribed treatments.

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Question 8:

A nurse is providing education to a group of patients with Eczema.

Which skincare measures should the nurse emphasize to help manage Eczema effectively? Select all that apply.

A. Excessive bathing with hot water. B. Keeping the skin moisturized. C. Avoiding irritants and allergens. D. Using harsh cleansers. E. Practicing good hygiene.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Excessive bathing with hot water is not recommended for managing eczema.
Hot water can strip the skin of its natural oils and exacerbate dryness and irritation, which are common symptoms of eczema.

Choice B:

Keeping the skin moisturized is an essential skincare measure for managing eczema.
Moisturizers help to hydrate the skin, reduce dryness, and prevent flare-ups.
This is a crucial recommendation for patients with eczema.

Choice C:

Avoiding irritants and allergens is another important aspect of managing eczema.
Exposure to irritants and allergens can trigger or worsen eczema symptoms.
Identifying and avoiding these triggers can help in preventing flare-ups.

Choice D:

Using harsh cleansers is not recommended for patients with eczema.
Harsh cleansers can further irritate the skin and disrupt the skin barrier, making eczema symptoms worse.

Choice E:

Practicing good hygiene is a general recommendation for overall health but should be done with consideration of the individual's skin condition.

While good hygiene is essential, it should not involve excessive use of harsh soaps or frequent hot water baths, as these can worsen eczema symptoms.

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Question 9:

A client has been diagnosed with Eczema, and the nurse is discussing treatment options.
Which topical medication can the nurse suggest for sensitive areas where corticosteroids may be less tolerated, such as the face and genital area?

A. Corticosteroids. B. Emollients. C. Immunosuppressants. D. Calcineurin inhibitors.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Corticosteroids are not suitable for sensitive areas such as the face and genital area, as they can cause thinning of the skin and other adverse effects.
They are more appropriate for less sensitive areas of the body.

Choice B:

Emollients are moisturizing agents and are not specific medications for eczema.
While they can help with dryness and skin hydration, they may not be sufficient for managing the inflammation and itching associated with eczema on sensitive areas like the face and genital area.

Choice C:

Immunosuppressants are typically reserved for severe cases of eczema and are not the first-line treatment for sensitive areas.
They come with potential side effects and should only be used when other treatments are not effective.

Choice D:

This is the correct answer.
Calcineurin inhibitors, such as tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, are topical medications that can be suggested for sensitive areas like the face and genital area where corticosteroids may be less tolerated.
They are effective in reducing inflammation and itching and are considered a suitable alternative for these areas.

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Question 10:

A nurse is assessing a patient with Eczema and gathering information about the patient's medical history.
Which aspect of the patient's history should the nurse prioritize when assessing for Eczema?

A. Family history of Eczema. B. Previous diagnoses of hypertension. C. Current dietary preferences. D. Past surgical procedures.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

When assessing a patient for eczema, the nurse should prioritize inquiring about a family history of eczema.
Eczema has a genetic component, and individuals with a family history of the condition are at a higher risk of developing it themselves.
Understanding the family history can help in making an accurate diagnosis and determining the potential risk factors for the patient.

Choice B:

Previous diagnoses of hypertension are not directly related to the assessment of eczema.
While a comprehensive medical history is essential, hypertension is not a significant risk factor or indicator of eczema.

Choice C:

Current dietary preferences, while important for overall health, are not a primary consideration when assessing for eczema.
Eczema is primarily a skin condition influenced by genetics, environment, and external factors, but it is not directly related to dietary preferences.

Choice D:

Past surgical procedures are also not a primary consideration when assessing for eczema.
The focus of the assessment should be on the patient's personal and family medical history, current symptoms, and potential triggers or aggravating factors related to eczema.

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Question 11:

A nurse is providing education to a patient with Eczema. Which of the following statements accurately reflects the nurse's guidance on skincare practices?

A. "You should use harsh cleansers to thoroughly clean your skin.". B. "Regular moisturization is not essential for managing Eczema.". C. "Avoidance of triggers is not crucial in Eczema management.". D. "Gentle cleansers should be used to care for your skin.".

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Recommending harsh cleansers is not appropriate for managing Eczema.
Eczema is characterized by dry, sensitive skin, and using harsh cleansers can further irritate and dry out the skin.
Harsh cleansers can strip the skin of its natural oils, leading to increased dryness and exacerbation of Eczema symptoms.

Choice B:

Suggesting that regular moisturization is not essential for managing Eczema is incorrect.
Moisturization is a fundamental component of Eczema management.
Patients with Eczema should use moisturizers regularly to keep their skin hydrated, which helps in reducing itchiness and preventing flare-ups.

Choice C:

Advising against the avoidance of triggers in Eczema management is inaccurate.
Identifying and avoiding triggers, such as certain allergens or irritants, is crucial in managing Eczema.
Avoiding triggers helps prevent flare-ups and reduces the severity of symptoms.

Choice D:

Recommending the use of gentle cleansers for skincare is the correct guidance for Eczema management.
Gentle cleansers are mild and do not contain harsh chemicals or fragrances that can irritate the skin.
Using gentle cleansers helps in maintaining the skin's natural moisture barrier and reduces the risk of Eczema flare-ups.

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Question 12:

A client with Eczema is experiencing itching.
What non-pharmacological measure should the nurse recommend to manage itching?

A. "Apply corticosteroid cream generously.". B. "Take antihistamine medication regularly.". C. "Use cool compresses on the itchy areas.". D. "Scratching the affected areas is an effective way to relieve itching.".

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Applying corticosteroid cream generously can be a pharmacological measure to manage itching in Eczema, but it is not a non-pharmacological measure.
Corticosteroid creams contain medication and should be used as directed by a healthcare provider.
They are not considered non-pharmacological measures.

Choice B:

Taking antihistamine medication regularly is a pharmacological measure to manage itching in Eczema.
While antihistamines can help relieve itching, they are not considered non-pharmacological measures.
They require a prescription or recommendation from a healthcare provider.

Choice C:

Using cool compresses on the itchy areas is a non-pharmacological measure to manage itching in Eczema.
Cool compresses can provide relief from itching and help soothe the skin without the need for medication.
This is a suitable recommendation for managing itching in Eczema.

Choice D:

Suggesting that scratching the affected areas is an effective way to relieve itching is incorrect.
Scratching can worsen Eczema symptoms by damaging the skin's barrier, leading to more itching and potential infection.
It is essential to discourage scratching as a method of relieving itching in Eczema.

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Question 13:

A nurse is discussing prevention strategies for Eczema with a group of patients.
Select all that apply:.

A. Avoiding irritants. B. Avoiding allergens. C. Exposure to extreme temperatures. D. Using harsh cleansers. E. Managing stress levels.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Avoiding irritants is a prevention strategy for Eczema.
Irritants such as harsh chemicals, fragrances, and certain fabrics can trigger Eczema flare-ups.
Educating patients to avoid these irritants can help prevent worsening of symptoms.

Choice B:

Avoiding allergens is another important prevention strategy for Eczema. Allergens like pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and certain foods can trigger Eczema in individuals who are sensitive to them.
Identifying and avoiding allergens can reduce the risk of flare-ups.

Choice C:

Exposure to extreme temperatures (cold or hot) can exacerbate Eczema symptoms. However, this is not a recommended prevention strategy.
Instead, individuals with Eczema should be advised to dress appropriately for the weather and use moisturizers to protect their skin from extreme temperatures.

Choice D:

Using harsh cleansers is not a recommended prevention strategy for Eczema. In fact, it can worsen Eczema symptoms by irritating the skin.
Therefore, it should not be included in the list of prevention strategies.

Choice E:

Managing stress levels is a valid prevention strategy for Eczema. Stress can trigger or exacerbate Eczema symptoms in some individuals.

Teaching patients stress management techniques can help reduce the impact of stress on their skin condition.

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Question 14:

A client with Eczema is at risk of developing complications. Which of the following complications is specifically mentioned in the text?

A. Chronic sinusitis. B. Sleep disturbances. C. High blood pressure. D. Osteoporosis.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Chronic sinusitis is not a complication specifically associated with Eczema.
While individuals with Eczema may have a higher risk of allergies and related conditions, chronic sinusitis is not mentioned as a common complication.

Choice B:

Sleep disturbances are mentioned as a potential complication of Eczema.
Itchiness and discomfort associated with Eczema can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to sleep disturbances and fatigue.

Choice C:

High blood pressure is not a complication typically associated with Eczema.
Eczema primarily affects the skin and is not known to directly impact blood pressure levels.

Choice D:

Osteoporosis is not a complication specifically mentioned in the context of Eczema.
Eczema primarily affects the skin and is not known to be a direct risk factor for osteoporosis.

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Question 15:

A nurse is assessing a patient with suspected Eczema.
What aspect of the patient's medical history should the nurse inquire about?

A. The patient's favorite skincare products. B. The patient's dietary preferences. C. Any previous skin surgeries. D. The patient's travel history.

Answer and Explanation

Choice A:

Inquiring about the patient's favorite skincare products may provide information about potential irritants or allergens that the patient is using.
However, it is not the most critical aspect of the patient's medical history when assessing for Eczema.

Choice B:

The patient's dietary preferences may be relevant if the nurse suspects food allergies as a trigger for Eczema.
However, in the initial assessment, it is more important to focus on aspects directly related to the skin condition.

Choice C:

Inquiring about any previous skin surgeries is important in the assessment of a patient with suspected Eczema.
Previous surgeries may have affected the skin's integrity or could be relevant to the patient's current skin condition.

Choice D:

The patient's travel history is not typically a critical aspect of the medical history when assessing for Eczema.
While travel-related factors could potentially contribute to skin irritations or allergies, they are not as directly relevant as the patient's skin history and previous surgeries.

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Eczema

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