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Inhaled corticosteroids, such as fluticasone, are not specifically timed for bedtime to minimize side effects. Their primary effect is local anti-inflammatory action in the airways, with minimal systemic absorption. Timing does not significantly reduce side effects like oral thrush, which is managed by rinsing the mouth. Administration is typically twice daily for consistent asthma control, independent of bedtime.

Weight gain of 5 pounds in a week is not a typical side effect of inhaled corticosteroids due to their minimal systemic absorption. Stopping the medication abruptly could exacerbate asthma symptoms. Significant weight gain is more associated with systemic corticosteroids, which affect metabolism and fluid retention, unlike inhaled formulations.

Inhaled corticosteroids do not require an empty stomach for effectiveness, as they are delivered directly to the lungs via inhalation. Their local action on airway inflammation is independent of gastrointestinal absorption. Food intake does not influence their pharmacokinetics or therapeutic efficacy, making this instruction irrelevant for inhaled corticosteroid use.

Salmeterol is a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA) used for maintenance therapy in asthma and COPD. It binds to beta-2 receptors, causing prolonged bronchodilation (up to 12 hours). Its slow onset makes it unsuitable for acute bronchospasm, where rapid-acting agents are needed to quickly relax airway smooth muscle.

Fluticasone is an inhaled corticosteroid that reduces airway inflammation by inhibiting cytokine production and immune responses. It has no bronchodilatory effects and is not used for acute bronchospasm. Its role is in long-term asthma control, preventing exacerbations by reducing chronic inflammation, not providing immediate relief.

Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist that blocks leukotriene D4 receptors, reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction. It is used for maintenance therapy in asthma, not for acute bronchospasm, as its onset is too slow (hours to days) to provide immediate relief during an acute asthma attack.

Dehydration is not a primary concern with intravenous dexamethasone, a corticosteroid. While corticosteroids can cause fluid retention due to mineralocorticoid effects, leading to edema, they do not typically cause dehydration. Monitoring fluid status is important, but hypokalemia is a more direct electrolyte imbalance associated with corticosteroid use.

Hypoglycemia is not a common side effect of dexamethasone. This corticosteroid increases blood glucose levels by promoting gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance, potentially causing hyperglycemia, especially in diabetic patients. Monitoring for elevated glucose is more relevant than hypoglycemia, which is not typically induced by corticosteroids.

Hyponatremia is less likely with dexamethasone, which has minimal mineralocorticoid activity compared to drugs like hydrocortisone. It may cause fluid retention, but significant sodium depletion is rare. Hypokalemia is a more prominent electrolyte disturbance due to potassium excretion induced by corticosteroid effects on renal tubules.

Increased appetite is not a common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids due to their minimal systemic absorption. Systemic corticosteroids, like prednisone, stimulate appetite by altering metabolism and increasing hunger signals, but inhaled forms like fluticasone primarily act locally in the lungs, limiting such systemic effects.

Hypertension is not typically caused by inhaled corticosteroids, as their systemic absorption is low. Systemic corticosteroids can cause fluid retention and increased blood pressure via mineralocorticoid effects, but inhaled forms like budesonide have minimal impact on cardiovascular parameters, making this an unlikely side effect.

Constipation is not associated with inhaled corticosteroids. Their action is localized to the respiratory tract, with negligible gastrointestinal effects due to low systemic bioavailability. Systemic corticosteroids may cause metabolic changes, but constipation is not a reported side effect, and inhaled forms do not affect bowel motility.

Prednisone is not contraindicated in cerebral edema; it is often used to reduce swelling by decreasing inflammation and vascular permeability. Its anti-inflammatory effects stabilize the blood-brain barrier, making it beneficial in conditions like cerebral edema caused by trauma or tumors, though monitoring is required.

Prednisone is not contraindicated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is used in acute exacerbations to reduce airway inflammation and improve symptoms. While long-term use requires caution due to systemic side effects, it is not contraindicated and is often part of COPD management protocols.

Tuberculous meningitis is not an absolute contraindication for prednisone. In fact, corticosteroids like prednisone are used adjunctively with antitubercular therapy to reduce inflammation and prevent complications like hydrocephalus. Careful monitoring is needed to avoid worsening infection, but it is not contraindicated in this condition.

Amphotericin B is an antifungal drug used for systemic fungal infections like cryptococcosis. It binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, causing cell death. It has no activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, and is not used in tuberculosis treatment regimens.

Vancomycin is an antibiotic used for gram-positive bacterial infections, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It inhibits cell wall synthesis but is ineffective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which has a unique mycolic acid-containing cell wall, requiring specific antitubercular drugs like isoniazid for treatment.

Fluconazole is an antifungal drug that inhibits fungal cytochrome P450, disrupting ergosterol synthesis. It is used for infections like candidiasis but has no activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment requires bactericidal drugs targeting the mycobacterial cell wall, not antifungal agents like fluconazole.

Amoxicillin, a penicillin antibiotic, inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and is commonly used for infections like otitis media. It is not associated with tendon rupture, as it lacks the mechanism affecting collagen or connective tissue. Its side effects include gastrointestinal upset and allergic reactions, not musculoskeletal issues.

Clarithromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is used for respiratory infections but is not linked to tendon rupture. Its side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances and QT prolongation, with no known impact on tendon integrity or collagen metabolism.

Doxycycline, a tetracycline antibiotic, inhibits protein synthesis and is used for infections like acne or Lyme disease. While it can cause photosensitivity or gastrointestinal issues, it is not associated with tendon rupture. Its mechanism does not involve collagen disruption, unlike fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin.

Griseofulvin is an antifungal used for dermatophyte infections like ringworm. It disrupts fungal mitosis by binding to keratin. It is not used for systemic infections and has minimal nephrotoxicity, as it is primarily metabolized by the liver, with side effects like rash or hepatotoxicity.

Fluconazole treats systemic fungal infections like candidiasis by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. It is generally well-tolerated and not significantly nephrotoxic, as it is excreted primarily via the kidneys unchanged. Its main side effects include hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal upset, not kidney damage.

Terbinafine treats dermatophyte infections like onychomycosis by inhibiting squalene epoxidase. It is not typically used for systemic infections and has low nephrotoxicity risk. Its primary side effects include hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal issues, with minimal impact on renal function compared to amphotericin B.