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Releasing norepinephrine into the synaptic cleftThis describes the action of sympathetic postganglionic neurons, not the adrenal medulla. The adrenal medulla releases hormones, not neurotransmitters into synapses.

Stimulating muscarinic receptors in the brainMuscarinic receptors are part of the parasympathetic system and are activated by acetylcholine, not by the adrenal medulla or sympathetic output.

Blocking beta receptors on the heart
Beta receptor blockade is a pharmacological effect (e.g., from beta-blocker drugs), not a function of the adrenal medulla. In fact, epinephrine stimulates beta receptors.

Increased heart rateCholinergic agonists typically cause bradycardia by stimulating the vagus nerve, decreasing sinoatrial node activity. Increased heart rate is associated with sympathetic activation, not cholinergic stimulation.

Pupil dilation (mydriasis)Mydriasis is a sympathetic effect. Cholinergic agonists instead cause miosis (pupil constriction), enhancing near vision and limiting light entry.

Decreased gastrointestinal motility
These drugs actually increase GI motility by stimulating smooth muscle activity in the intestines, potentially causing cramping or diarrhea.

BronchodilationThis effect is mediated by beta2 receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle, not beta1 receptors. Beta1 stimulation primarily affects cardiac function.

Decreased heart rateBeta1 activation leads to a positive chronotropic effect (increased heart rate). A decreased heart rate would result from beta-blockade or parasympathetic stimulation.

Vasodilation of skeletal musclesVasodilation in skeletal muscle vasculature is primarily a beta2 receptor effect. Beta1 receptors do not mediate vascular smooth muscle relaxation.

Decreased heart rateBeta2 agonists have minimal direct effects on heart rate. In some cases, albuterol may cause a mild increase in heart rate due to peripheral vasodilation or systemic absorption, but a decrease is not expected.

BronchoconstrictionThis is the opposite of albuterol’s action. Albuterol promotes bronchodilation by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, making breathing easier for clients with asthma.

Increased salivation
Albuterol does not increase salivation. Increased salivation is more commonly associated with cholinergic drugs, not beta2 agonists.

Beta2Beta2 receptors mediate vasodilation, particularly in skeletal muscle and coronary arteries. Their activation promotes increased blood flow, not vasoconstriction.

MuscarinicMuscarinic receptors are part of the parasympathetic system and typically promote vasodilation, particularly via nitric oxide release in endothelial cells. They do not cause vasoconstriction.

Beta3Beta3 receptors are primarily found in adipose tissue and the bladder. They are involved in lipolysis and bladder relaxation, not vascular tone.