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Pica is an abnormal craving for non-nutritive substances like clay or ice. It is associated with iron deficiency anemia, not progesterone-induced smooth muscle relaxation. Its pathophysiology relates to altered dopamine pathways and iron metabolism, not gastrointestinal sphincter tone.

Constipation is common in pregnancy but results from decreased intestinal peristalsis due to progesterone and increased water absorption in the colon. It is not caused by relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter but rather delayed transit time within the intestines.

Gingivitis in pregnancy is due to vascular changes and exaggerated inflammatory response to dental plaque under high estrogen and progesterone levels. It involves gum swelling, bleeding, and hyperemia, not esophageal sphincter relaxation.

 Increasing consumption of spicy foods exacerbates gastric acid secretion and directly irritates the esophageal mucosa, worsening heartburn symptoms. It increases mucosal sensitivity and reflux episodes rather than preventing them.

Eating large, infrequent meals distends the stomach, raising intragastric pressure and facilitating reflux through the weakened sphincter. This directly opposes recommended management.

Lying flat after eating increases the likelihood of acid reflux due to gravitational loss of barrier protection. The horizontal position facilitates acid movement from the stomach into the esophagus, worsening symptoms.

GFR does not decrease in pregnancy; instead, it increases significantly due to renal vasodilation and increased plasma volume. A decreased GFR would lower urine output, not increase urinary frequency.

Maternal blood volume does not reduce in pregnancy; it progressively increases by 40–50% to meet fetal and maternal needs. A reduced blood volume would impair renal perfusion, leading to oliguria, not urinary frequency.

Increased tubular reabsorption of fluid conserves body water and would reduce urine production. In pregnancy, although sodium and water retention occur, they do not directly cause urinary frequency in the first trimester.

Elevated serum creatinine is abnormal in pregnancy. It indicates impaired renal function, as physiologically creatinine should be reduced due to increased clearance. A creatinine >1.0 mg/dL in pregnancy is considered concerning.

Increased proteinuria beyond 300 mg/day is pathological and suggests preeclampsia or renal disease. Normal pregnancy allows only slight increases due to higher GFR, but not significant proteinuria.

Decreased glycosuria is not typical. Pregnancy often produces mild glycosuria due to increased GFR overwhelming tubular reabsorption, not a decrease. Persistent marked glycosuria, however, may indicate gestational diabetes.